Abstract
The macroporous calcium phosphate(CPC) cement with oriented pore structure was prepared by freeze casting. SEM observation showed that the macropores in the porous calcium phosphate cement were interconnected aligned along the ice growth direction. The porosity of the as-prepared porous CPC was measured to be 87.6% by Archimede’s principle. XRD patterns of specimens showed that poorly crystallized hydroxyapatite was the main phase present in the hydrated porous calcium phosphate cement. To improve the mechanical properties of the CPC scaffold, the 15% gelatine solution was infiltrated into the pores under vacuum and then the samples were freeze dried to form the CPC/gelatine composite scaffolds. After reinforced with gelatine, the compressive strength of CPC/gelatine composite increased to 5.12 MPa, around fifty times greater than that of the unreinforced macroporous CPC scaffold, which was only 0.1 MPa. And the toughness of the scaffold has been greatly improved via the gelatine reinforcement with a much greater fracture strain. SEM examination of the specimens indicated good bonding between the cement and gelatine. Participating the external load by the deformable gelatine, patching the defects of the CPC pores wall, and crack deflection were supposed to be the reinforcement mechanisms. In conclusion, the calcium phosphate cement/gelatine composite with oriented pore structure prepared in this work might be a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R Langer, J P Vacanti. Tissue Engineering[J]. Science, 1993, 260: 920–926
M Sittinger, J Bujia, N Rotter, et al. Tissue Engineering and Autologous Transplant Formation: Practical Approaches with Resorbable Biomaterials and New Cell Culture Techniques[J]. Biomaterials, 1996, 17: 237–242
K Rezwan, Q Z Chen, J J Blaker, et al. Biodegradable and Bioactive Porous Polymer/Inorganic Composite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering[J]. Biomaterials, 2006, 27: 3 413–3 431
C R Yang, Y J Wang, X F Chen, et al. Biomimetic Fabrication of BCP/COL/HCA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering[J]. Materials Letters, 2005, 59: 3 635–3 640
J E Barraleta, L Grovera, T Gaunta, et al. Preparation of Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Cement Tissue Engineering Scaffold[J]. Biomaterials, 2002, 23: 3 063–3 072
X H Wang, J B Ma, Y N Wang, et al. Bone Repair in Radii and Tibias of Rabbits with Phosphorylated Chitosan Reinforced Calcium Phosphate Cements[J]. Biomaterials, 2002, 23: 4 167–4 176
E F Burguera, H H K Xu, S Takagi, et al. High Early Strength Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement: Effects of Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate and Absorbable Fibers[J]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 2005, 75A: 966–975
A S Von Gonten, J R Kelly, J M Antonucci. Load-bearing Behavior of a Simulated Craniofacial Structure Fabricated From a Hydroxyapatite Cement and Bioresorbable Fiber-mesh[J]. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 2000, 11: 95–100
H H K Xu, M D Weir, E F Burguera, et al. Injectable and Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffold[J]. Biomaterials, 2006, 27: 4 279–4 287
H H K Xu, F C Eichmiller, A A Giuseppetti. Reinforcement of a Selfsetting Calcium Phosphate Cement with Different Fibers[J]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2000, 52: 107–114
Y Zhang, M Zhang. Three-dimensional Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics with Nested Chitosan Sponges for Load-bearing Bone Implants[J]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2002, 61: 1–8
J S Mao, L G Zhao, K D Yao, et al. Study of Novel Chitosan-Gelatin Artificial Skin in vitro[J]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 2003, 64A(2): 301–3 088
J S Mao, L G Zhao, Y J Yin, et al. Structure and Properties of Bilayer Chitosan-Gelatin Scaffolds[J]. Biomaterials, 2003, 24: 1 067–1 074
H W Kang, Y Tabata, Y Ikada. Fabrication of Porous Gelatin Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering[J]. Biomaterials, 1999, 20: 1 339–1 44
X P Wang, J D Ye, Y J Wang, et al. Control of Crystallinity of Hydrated Products in a Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement[J]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 2007, 81: 781–790
X P Wang, J D Ye, Y J Wang. Hydration Mechanism of a Novel PCCP+DCPA Cement System[J]. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 2008, 19: 813–816
F Yang, X Qu, W J Cui, et al. Manufacturing and Morphology Structure of Polylactide-type Microtubules Orientation-Structured Scaffolds[J]. Biomaterials, 2006, 27: 4 923–4 933
S Deville, E Saiz, R K Nalla, et al. Freezing as a Path to Build Complex Composites[J]. Science, 2006, 311: 515–518
M M C G Silva, L A Cyster, J J A Barry, et al. The Effect of Anisotropic Architecture on Cell and Tissue Infiltration into Tissue Engineering Scaffolds[J]. Biomaterials, 2006, 27: 5 909–5 917
S Stokols, M H Tuszunski. The Fabrication and Characterization of Linearly Oriented Nerve Guidance Scaffolds for Spinal Cord Injury[J]. Biomaterials, 2004, 25: 5 839–5 846
Q Z Chen, A R Boccaccini. Poly (D,L-lactic acid) Coated 45S5 Bioglass-based Scaffolds: Processing and Characterization[J]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 2006, 77: 445–457
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50772037 and 50732003) and the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2008A030102008), as well as the Research Foundation for Doctors of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qi, X., He, F. & Ye, J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement/gelatine composite scaffold with oriented pore structure for bone tissue engineering. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.-Mat. Sci. Edit. 27, 92–95 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0414-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0414-6