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Expanded interlayer spacing of graphene oxide achieved by electrostatic cation intercalation towards superior sodium ion storage

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Abstract

Graphite has been employed as anode material of lithium ion batteries due to its low cost, unique layered structure, and high conductivity; however, the small interlayer spacing and poor rate capability limit its application in sodium ion batteries. To address these issues, the interlayer spacing of graphene oxide (GO) was controllably enlarged through K+ and Ca2+ pillaring by the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged GO sheets and the positively charged K+/Ca2+. The K+/Ca2+ pillared in the interlayers of GO can controllably expand the interlayer spacing from 0.78 to 1.01 nm by regulating the K+/Ca2+ concentrations. The K+/Ca2+-pillared GO (K+/Ca2+-GO) exhibits high Na+ ion storage performance because of expanded interlayer spacing, showing large Na+ ion diffusion coefficient (the largest DNa+ is 43.8 × 10−15 cm2 s−1) and high reversible specific capacity (199.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1). Meanwhile, the 2D layered structure of GO is stabilized by the pillar effects of K+/Ca2+ to realize a superior cycle stability of Na+ insertion/extraction. The relations between the interlayer spacing of K+/Ca2+-GO and rate capability are studied and an optimum interlayer spacing of K+/Ca2+-GO for high rate Na+ storage (0.84 nm and 1.01 nm for K+-GO and Ca2+-GO) is obtained. The results provide an essential reference for design of high rate 2D energy storage materials.

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Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52062030) and Applied Basic Research of Qinghai Province (2021-ZJ-737).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-Ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China

    Yu-**a Hu, Dong-Ting Zhang, Fu-Ling Tang, Chen-Yang Tian, Jun Li, **n ** & Mao-Cheng Liu

  2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China

    Yu-**a Hu, Dong-Ting Zhang, Fu-Ling Tang, Chen-Yang Tian, Jun Li, **n ** & Mao-Cheng Liu

  3. School of Bailie Engineering & Technology, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, China

    Yu-**a Hu

  4. Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lake, Chinese Academy of Sciences, **ning, 810008, China

    Cheng-Gong Chang

  5. Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province, **ning, 810008, China

    Cheng-Gong Chang

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  1. Yu-**a Hu
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Hu, YX., Zhang, DT., Tang, FL. et al. Expanded interlayer spacing of graphene oxide achieved by electrostatic cation intercalation towards superior sodium ion storage. Ionics 28, 3833–3842 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-022-04636-x

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