Abstract
Surgical electrodes rely on thermal effect of high-frequency current and are a widely used medical tool for cutting and coagulating biological tissue. However, tissue adhesion on the electrode surface and thermal injury to adjacent tissue are serious problems in surgery that can affect cutting performance. A bionic microstriped structure mimicking a banana leaf was constructed on the electrode via nanosecond laser surface texturing, followed by silanization treatment, to enhance lyophobicity. The effect of initial, simple grid-textured, and bionic electrodes with different wettabilities on tissue adhesion and thermal injury were investigated using horizontal and vertical cutting modes. Results showed that the bionic electrode with high lyophobicity can effectively reduce tissue adhesion mass and thermal injury depth/area compared with the initial electrode. The formation mechanism of adhered tissue was discussed in terms of morphological features, and the potential mechanism for antiadhesion and heat dissipation of the bionic electrode was revealed. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of groove depth on tissue adhesion and thermal injury and then verified the antiadhesion stability of the bionic electrode. This study demonstrates a promising approach for improving the cutting performance of surgical electrodes.
Abbreviations
- 3D:
-
Three-dimensional
- AC:
-
Alternating current
- PCA:
-
Plasma contact angle
- PFTS:
-
Perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- WCA:
-
Water contact angle
- f :
-
Focal length
- p :
-
Significant difference level
- Q 2 :
-
Heat transfer along the groove
- Sa :
-
Surface mean roughness
- δ :
-
Scanning spacing
References
Messenger D, Carter F, Francis N. Electrosurgery and energized dissection. Surgery, 2014, 32(3): 126–130
Malis L I. Electrosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 1996, 85(5): 970–975
Tesler A B, Kim P, Kolle S, Howell C, Ahanotu O, Aizenberg J. Extremely durable biofouling-resistant metallic surfaces based on electrodeposited nanoporous tungstite films on steel. Nature Communications, 2015, 6(1): 8649
Zhang P F, Chen H W, Zhang L W, Zhang D Y. Anti-adhesion effects of liquid-infused textured surfaces on high-temperature stainless steel for soft tissue. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 385: 249–256
Dodde R E, Gee J S, Geiger J D, Shih A J. Monopolar electrosurgical thermal management for minimizing tissue damage. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2012, 59(1): 167–173
Lu L S, Li K K, **e Y X, Wan Z P, Ding H W, Zhang Z H, Tang Y. Research status and development trend of desorption surgical electromes. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(1): 175–186 (in Chinese)
Chen H W, Zhang Y, Zhang L W, Ding X L, Zhang D Y. Applications of bioinspired approaches and challenges in medical devices. Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 2021, 4(1): 146–148
Bluvshtein V, Lucke L, Widule M. Stabilization of electrosurgical cutting performance based on electrode speed. In: Proceedings of 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Berlin: IEEE, 2019, 166–169
Zhou C C, Guo X H, Zhang K D, Cheng L, Wu Y Q. The coupling effect of micro-groove textures and nanofluids on cutting performance of uncoated cemented carbide tools in milling Ti–6Al–4V. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2019, 271: 36–45
Ling T D, Liu P Z, **ong S W, Grzina D, Cao J, Wang Q J, **a Z C, Talwar R. Surface texturing of drill bits for adhesion reduction and tool life enhancement. Tribology Letters, 2013, 52(1): 113–122
Sawant M S, Jain N K, Palani I A. Influence of dimple and spot-texturing of HSS cutting tool on machining of Ti–6Al–4V. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, 261: 1–11
Hao X Q, Cui W, Li L, Li H L, Khan A M, He N. Cutting performance of textured polycrystalline diamond tools with composite lyophilic/lyophobic wettabilities. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, 260: 1–8
Han Z W, Fu J, Feng X M, Niu S C, Zhang J Q, Ren L Q. Bionic anti-adhesive electrode coupled with maize leaf microstructures and TiO2 coating. RSC Advances, 2017, 7(72): 45287–45293
Li C, Yang Y, Yang L J, Shi Z. Biomimetic anti-adhesive surface microstructures on electrosurgical blade fabricated by long-pulse laser inspired by pangolin scales. Micromachines, 2019, 10(12): 816
Han Z W, Fu J, Fang Y Q, Zhang J Q, Niu S C, Ren L Q. Anti-adhesive property of maize leaf surface related with temperature and humidity. Journal of Bionics Engineering, 2017, 14(3): 540–548
Li K K, Yao W, **e Y X, Zhang J, Li B Z, Wan Z P, Zhang Z H, Lu L S, Tang Y. A strongly hydrophobic and serum-repelling surface composed of CrN films deposited on laser-patterned microstructures that was optimized with an orthogonal experiment. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, 391: 125708
Yang Y, Lai Y K, Zhang Q Q, Wu K, Zhang L H, Lin C J, Tang P F. A novel electrochemical strategy for improving blood compatibility of titanium-based biomaterials. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010, 79(1): 309–313
Jiang J Y, Xu J L, Liu Z H, Deng L, Sun B, Liu S D, Wang L, Liu H Y. Preparation, corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of the superhydrophobic TiO2 coatings on biomedical Ti–6Al–4V alloys. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 347: 591–595
Nbelayim P, Sakamoto H, Kawamura G, Muto H, Matsuda A. Preparation of thermally and chemically robust superhydrophobic coating from liquid phase deposition and low voltage reversible electrowetting. Thin Solid Films, 2017, 636: 273–282
Yu M D, Cui Z Y, Ge F, Tian H Y, Wang X. Simple spray deposition of a hot water-repellent and oil-water separating superhydrophobic organic-inorganic hybrid coatings via methylsiloxane modification of hydrophilic nano-alumina. Progress in Organic Coatings, 2018, 125: 15–22
Xu Y, Liu W, Zhang G Q, Li Z P, Hu H X, Wang C C, Zeng X Q, Zhao S C, Zhang Y D, Ren T H. Friction stability and cellular behaviors on laser textured Ti–6Al–4V alloy implants with bioinspired micro-overlap** structures. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2020, 109: 103823
Lian Z X, Xu J K, Yu Z J, Yu P, Yu H D. A simple two-step approach for the fabrication of bio-inspired superhydrophobic and anisotropic wetting surfaces having corrosion resistance. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 793: 326–335
Shen Y Z, Tao J, Tao H J, Chen S L, Pan L, Wang T. Relationship between wetting hysteresis and contact time of a bouncing droplet on hydrophobic surfaces. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7(37): 20972–20978
Samanta A, Huang W J, Chaudhry H, Wang Q H, Shaw S K, Ding H T. Design of chemical surface treatment for laser-textured metal alloys to achieve extreme wetting behavior. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(15): 18032–18045
Kolliopoulos P, Kumar S. Capillary flow of liquids in open microchannels: overview and recent advances. npj Microgravity, 2021, 7(1): 51
Gjika E, Pekker M, Shashurin A, Shneider M, Zhuang T, Canady J, Keidar M. The cutting mechanism of the electrosurgical scalpel. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2017, 50(2): 025401
Feldman L, Fuchshuber P, Jones D B. The SAGES Manual on the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE). New York: Springer, 2012, 40–44
Liu Z Y, Lu M M, Takeuchi M, Yue T, Hasegawa Y, Huang Q, Fukuda T. In vitro mimicking the morphology of hepatic lobule tissue based on Ca-alginate cell sheets. Biomedical Materials, 2018, 13(3): 035004
Kim E, Takeuchi M, Hasegawa A, Ichikawa A, Hasegawa Y, Huang Q, Fukuda T. Construction of hepatic-lobule-like 3-D vascular network in cellular structure by manipulating magnetic fibers. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2020, 25(1): 477–486
Zhang P F, Liu G, Zhang D Y, Chen H W. Liquid-infused surfaces on electrosurgical instruments with exceptional antiadhesion and low-damage performances. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(39): 33713–33720
Cassie A B D, Baxter S. Wettability of porous surfaces. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1944, 40: 546–551
Cheng X, Wu H Y. Enhanced flow boiling performance in high-aspect-ratio groove-wall microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021, 164: 120468
Yao G, Zhang D Y, Geng D X, Wang L P. Novel ultrasonic vibration-assisted electrosurgical cutting system for minimizing tissue adhesion and thermal injury. Materials & Design, 2021, 201: 109528
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFE0126300) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2019A1515011530 and 2021B1515020087).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, K., Lu, L., Chen, H. et al. Cutting performance of surgical electrodes by constructing bionic microstriped structures. Front. Mech. Eng. 18, 12 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-022-0728-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-022-0728-9