Abstract
Purpose
The contamination of soil with antibiotics has become a hot issue for the environment and global public health. However, there are scarcely any studies on the occurrence forms of antibiotics in saline soil. Occurrence forms of antibiotics are related to bioavailability. Therefore, this study facilitates the evaluation of the ecological risk of antibiotics in saline soil.
Materials and methods
An experiment with artificial antibiotic contamination of soil and salinization simulations was conducted. The changes in the occurrence forms of oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in saline soil were analyzed by continuous ultrasonic extraction. The factors for occurrence forms, including aging time and particle size fraction, were considered.
Results and discussion
Soil salinization promoted the conversion of OTC and SMX from acid-soluble and bound states to water-soluble and locked states. Oxytetracycline in saline soil was predominantly in the water-soluble and acid-soluble states, accounting for 54.9–83.7% of the total. Sulfamethoxazole as well is accounting for 66.1–82.1%. In addition, the aging process from 7 to 63 days facilitated the conversion of OTC and SMX from the water-soluble, acid-soluble, and bound states to the non-extractable locked states, resulting in reduced bioavailability. Since the content of extractable forms of OTC and SMX in saline clay was high, it favors conversion to a locked state.
Conclusions
Oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in saline soil were mainly in bioavailable states. The aging effect reduced the bioavailability of OTC and SMX in saline soil. Clay had the low proportion of OTC and SMX in the bioavailable state, reducing environmental risks.
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Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41302206); Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (2023-JC-YB-130); and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD (300102299205).
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Zengyu Liu: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, and writing, preparation, and revision of original draft. Yuyun Chen: conceptualization, project administration, and funding acquisition. Junqin Zhang: validation and data curation. Fei Wang: writing which included review and editing. Hongli Zhang: writing which included review and editing. Rongrong Yun: writing which included review and editing. Ling Li: writing which included review and editing. Chayma Chilouch: writing which included review and editing.
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Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, J. et al. Study on the occurrence forms of oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in saline soil and their influencing factors. J Soils Sediments 24, 1639–1651 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03735-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03735-8