Abstract
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is perceived as a global issue regardless of the place of waste generation. The amount of unmanaged waste is increasing rapidly, along with its impact on the environment and human health. In hilly areas, specifically the North Eastern Region (NER) states of India, due to the unique topography coupled with socio-economic factors, there are inadequate waste management practices marked by insufficient infrastructure, minimal research studies, and limited data availability. This paper comprehensively reviews the existing status of MSWM practices and waste treatment technologies, identifies the challenges, and discusses the prospective approaches for MSWM in NER states of India. NER, is characterized by its hilly terrain and has the most diverse demographic profile in the country. The study highlights the notable increase in waste generation in the urban population in NER. The total amount of waste generated in NER is about 2907 tons per day, with a collection rate of 86.96%, treatment at 31.09%, and landfilling at 33.67%. The biodegradable fraction makes up the majority of waste composition (more than 50%) in NER, followed by recyclables and inert. The existing MSWM consists of waste collection, transportation, and disposal with limited source segregation and treatment. All the states of NER practice open dum** and burning as the primary waste treatment and disposal system. The study discusses the challenges and prospects to ensure effective MSWM in NER. This review is a region-specific study that considers cultural diversity, topography, and socio-economic dynamics. The outcome of this review will be helpful to the researchers and policymakers in making appropriate waste management plans and improve the MSWM system in NER.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Aayog NITI (2021) North Eastern Region District SDG Index & Dashboard -Baseline Report 2021–22. NITI Aayog, Government of India. https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/NER/dashboard/#/. Assessed 17 Mar 2023
Adeleke OA, Akinlabi SA, Jen TC, Dunmade I (2021) An overview of factors affecting the rate of generation and physical composition of municipal solid waste. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1107:012096. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012096
Agovino M, Musella G (2020) Separate waste collection in mountain municipalities. A case study in Campania. Land use policy 91:104408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104408
Alao JO (2023) Impacts of open dumpsite leachates on soil and groundwater quality. Groundw Sustain Dev 20:100877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100877
Aryan Y, Kumar A, Subham SSR (2023) Environmental and economic assessment of waste collection and transportation using LCA: a case study. Environ Res 231:116108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116108
Audit Report Civil (2011) Report of 2011- Audit Report (Civil) of the C&AG of India for the ended 31 March 2011. Government of Assam. https://cag.gov.in/en/audit-report/details/3960. Accessed 19 Sep 2021
Ayilara MS, Olanrewaju OS, Babalola OO, Odeyemi O (2020) Waste management through composting: challenges and potentials. Sustain 12:1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114456
Babu R, Prieto Veramendi PM, Rene ER (2021) Strategies for resource recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 3:100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100098
Balasubramanian M (2018) Municipal solid waste management in India: status, problems and challenges. Int J Environ Waste Manag 21:253–268. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2018.093435
Balwan WK, Saba N, Singh N, Rasool N (2020) Solid waste management: first report on garbage problem in Doda Region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int J Eng Appl Sci Technol 5:157–173. https://doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i07.026
Bhada-Tata P, Hoornweg D (2016) Solid waste and climate change. In: State of the World. State of the World. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 239–255. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-756-8_20
Bhatia CG, Bhatia A, Bhatia A, Bhatia R (2020) Does the polluter pay ? Case Study - Shillong : Scotland of the East. Int J Res Eng IT Soc Sci 10:1–10
Census of India (2001) Ministry of Home Affairs. Government of India, New Delhi
Census of India (2011) Ministry of Home Affairs. Government of India, New Delhi
Chatterjee R (2009) Municipal solid waste management in Kohima City, Nagaland, India. Waste Manag 29:2909–2910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.07.016
Cheela VRS, Ranjan VP, Goel S, John M, Dubey B (2021) Pathways to sustainable waste management in Indian Smart Cities. J Urban Manag 10:419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.05.002
Chhabra T, Paul A, Gulati M (2014) Assessment of municipal solid waste in Northeastern States of India. Int J Environ Res Dev 4:2249–3131
Choudhary A, Kumar A, Kumar S (2020) Techno-economic analysis, kinetics, global warming potential comparison and optimization of a pilot-scale unheated semi-continuous anaerobic reactor in a hilly area: for north Indian hilly states. Renew Energy 155:1181–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.034
Choudhary A, Kumar A, Kumar S, Verma V (2022) Energy possibilities and future strategies for municipal solid waste in Himachal Pradesh. Mater Today Proc 48:1455–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.09.224
Choudhury M, Jyethi DS, Dutta J, Purkayastha SP, Deb D, Das R, Roy G, Sen T, Bhattacharyya KG (2022) Investigation of groundwater and soil quality near to a municipal waste disposal site in Silchar, Assam, India. Int J Energy Water Resour 6:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00117-5
CPCB (2020) Annual Report on solid Waste Management (2019–20). Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India. https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2019-20.pdf (assessed 01/06/2022)
CPCB (2022) Annual Report on Solid Waste Management Rules (2020–21). Central pollution control board. Government of India. https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2020-21.pdf (assessed 09/01/2023)
CPHEEO (2016) Municipal solid waste management manual part 1: an overview, Swachh Bharat Mission. Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. https://cpheeo.gov.in//cms/manual-on-municipal-solid-waste-management-2016.php (assessed 06/03/2023)
de Souza V, Melaré A, Montenegro González S, Faceli K, Casadei V (2017) Technologies and decision support systems to aid solid-waste management: a systematic review. Waste Manag 59:567–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.045
Debnath B, Ghosh A, Kumar M, Shariff A, Kumar BM, Ghosh SK (2020) Waste management challenges due to tourism in hilly areas in india: A case study of Chamundi Hills, Mysore. In: Ghosh, S. (eds) Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies. Springer, Singapore, pp 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_28
Dolla T, Laishram B (2021) Effect of energy from waste technologies on the risk profile of public-private partnership waste treatment projects of India. J Clean Prod 284:124726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124726
Dutta N, Ghosh A, Debnath B, Ghosh SK (2020) Climate change in hilly regions of india: issues and challenges in waste management. In: Ghosh S, (eds) Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies. Springer, Singapore, pp 657–-669. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_59
Esparza I, Jiménez-Moreno N, Bimbela F, et al (2020) Fruit and vegetable waste management: conventional and emerging approaches. J Environ Manage 265:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110510
Fernández-González JM, Díaz-López C, Martín-Pascual J, Zamorano M (2020) Recycling organic fraction of municipal solid waste: systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of research trends. Sustain 12:. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114798
Goh E, Esfandiar K, Jie F, Brown K, Djajadikerta H (2022) Please sort out your rubbish! An integrated structural model approach to examine antecedents of residential households’ waste separation behaviour. J Clean Prod 355:131789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131789
Gour AA, Singh SK (2023) Solid waste management in India: a state-of-the-art review. Environ Eng Res 28:1. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2022.249
Gupta SK, Pandey SK, Singh NB, Singh A, Singh VK, Verma T (2013) Municipal solid waste characterizations and management strategies for the Lucknow City, India. Int J Appl Eng Res 8:2031–2036
Gupta N, Yadav KK, Kumar V (2015) A review on current status of municipal solid waste management in India. J Environ Sci (china) 37:206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.034
Hannan MA, Hossain Lipu MS, Akhtar M, Begum RA, Al Mamun MA, Hussian A, Mia MS, Basri H (2020) Solid waste collection optimization objectives, constraints, modeling approaches, and their challenges toward achieving sustainable development goals. J Clean Prod 277:123557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123557
Hazarika R, Saikia A (2020) Landfill site suitability analysis using AHP for solid waste management in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area, India. Arab J Geosci 13:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06156-2
Hou N, Wen L, Cao H, Liu K, An X, Li D, Wang H, Du X, Li C (2017) Role of psychrotrophic bacteria in organic domestic waste composting in cold regions of China. Bioresour Technol 236:20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.166
Iraguha F, Handono Ramelan A, Setyono P (2022) Assessment of current solid waste management practices, community perceptions, and contributions in the City of Kigali, Rwanda. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1016:. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012056
ISFR (2021) India State of Forest Report. Forest Survey of India, Government of India. https://www.fsi.nic.in/forest-report-2021 (assessed 02 June 2022)
Joshi R, Ahmed S (2016) Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: a review. Cogent Environ Sci 2:. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1139434
Kalyanasundaram M, Krishnan K, Singh S et al (2023) Composition analysis (pick analysis) of waste generated from household: a pilot study in Ujjain city, India. Heliyon 9:e19902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19902
Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Ghaderpoori M, Azimi F, Faridan M, Sharafi K, Ahmadi F, Karami MA (2020) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of municipal solid waste in Iran for implementation of best waste management practice : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:37514–37526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10104-8
Kaza S, Yao L, Bhata-Tata P, Woerden FV (2018) What a waste 2.0: A global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. Urban Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank
Khandelwal H, Thalla AK, Kumar S, Kumar R (2019) Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management options for India. Bioresour Technol 288:121515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121515
Kumar A, Agrawal A (2020) Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities – a review. Curr Res Environ Sustain 2:100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
Kumar S, Bhattacharyya JK, Vaidya AN, Chakrabarti T, Devotta S, Akolkar AB (2009) Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: an insight. Waste Manag 29:883–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.011
Kumar S, Dhar H, Nair VV, Bhattacharyya JK, Vaidya AN, Akolkar AB (2016) Characterization of municipal solid waste in high-altitude sub-tropical regions. Environ Technol (united Kingdom) 37:2627–2637. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1158322
Kumar S, Dhar H, Nair VV, Rena GJ, Arya S, Bhattacharya K, Vaidya AN, Akolkar AB (2019) Environmental quality monitoring and impact assessment of solid waste dumpsites in high altitude sub-tropical regions. J Environ Manage 252:109681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109681
Kundariya N, Mohanty SS, Varjani S, Hao Ngo H, Wong JWC, Taherzadeh MJ, Chang J, Yong Ng H, Kim S-H, Bui X-T (2021) A review on integrated approaches for municipal solid waste for environmental and economical relevance: monitoring tools, technologies, and strategic innovations. Bioresour Technol 342:125982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125982
Kuniyal JC (2005) Solid waste management techniques for the waste generated and brought down from campsites in the hill spots, trails and expedition tops. Waste Manag Res 23:182–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X05054668
Laskar N, Singh U, Kumar R, Meena SK (2022) Spring water quality and assessment of associated health risks around the urban Tuirial landfill site in Aizawl, Mizoram. India Groundw Sustain Dev 17:100726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100726
Leal Filho W, Brandli L, Moora H, Kruopiene J, Stenmarck A (2016) Benchmarking approaches and methods in the field of urban waste management. J Clean Prod 112:4377–4386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.065
Lee Y, Lim S, Chow TP, Chua DSN (2022) Quantification assessment of municipal solid waste as an evaluation apropos of sustainable waste management in Kuching. J Sustain Sci Manag 17:128–151
Leila J, Mandla VR, Xuan Zhu, (2018) GIS and MFA approach for solid waste management towards Indian proposed smart-city. J Rural Dev 37:299–324. https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i2/129682
Li Z, Lu H, Ren L, He L (2013) Experimental and modeling approaches for food waste composting: a review. Chemosphere 93:1247–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.064
Lima JZ, Raimondi IM, Schalch V, Rodrigues VGS (2018) Assessment of the use of organic composts derived from municipal solid waste for the adsorption of Pb, Zn and Cd. J Environ Manage 226:386–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.047
Lino FAM, Ismail KAR, Castañeda-Ayarza JA (2023) Municipal solid waste treatment in Brazil: a comprehensive review. Energy Nexus 11:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100232
Majid M, Mir BA (2021) Landfill site selection using GIS based multi criteria evaluation technique. A case study of Srinagar city, India. Environ Challenges 3:100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100031
Malav LC, Yadav KK, Gupta N et al (2020) A review on municipal solid waste as a renewable source for waste-to-energy project in India: current practices, challenges, and future opportunities. J Clean Prod 277:123227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123227
Mandpe A, Bhattacharya A, Paliya S, Pratap V, Hussain A, Kumar S (2022) Life-cycle assessment approach for municipal solid waste management system of Delhi city. Environ Res 212:113424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113424
Mani S, Singh S (2016) Sustainable municipal solid waste management in India: a policy agenda. Procedia Environ Sci 35:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.064
Meena MD, Dotaniya ML, Meena BL et al (2023) Municipal solid waste: opportunities, challenges and management policies in India: a review. Waste Manag Bull 1:4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2023.04.001
Ministry of Finance (2023) List of PPP Projects. https://www.pppinindia.gov.in/list_of_all_ppp_projects. Accessed 16 Dec 2023
Mohan G, Sinha UK, Lal M (2016) Managing of solid waste through public private partnership model. Procedia Environ Sci 35:158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.066
Mor S, Ravindra K (2023) Municipal solid waste landfills in lower- and middle-income countries: environmental impacts, challenges and sustainable management practices. Process Saf Environ Prot 174:510–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.04.014
Mushtaq J, Dar AQ, Ahsan N (2020a) Physio-chemical characterization of municipal solid waste and its management in high-altitude urban areas of North-Western Himalayas. Waste Dispos Sustain Energy 2:151–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-020-00040-1
Mushtaq J, Dar AQ, Ahsan N (2020b) Spatial–temporal variations and forecasting analysis of municipal solid waste in the mountainous city of north-western Himalayas. SN Appl Sci 2:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2975-x
National Commission on population (2020) Report of the technical group on population projections July 2020 (2011-2023). Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. https://main.mohfw.gov.in/?q=documents/reports&page=1. Accessed 02 Dec 2023
Nell C, Schenck C, Blaauw D, Grobler L, Viljoen K (2022) A three-pronged approach to waste composition determination. J Environ Manage 303:114203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114203
Nguyen TTT, Wilson BG (2010) Fuel consumption estimation for kerbside municipal solid waste (MSW) collection activities. Waste Manag Res 28:289–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09337656
Nguyen-Trong K, Nguyen-Thi-Ngoc A, Nguyen-Ngoc D, Dinh-Thi-Hai V (2017) Optimization of municipal solid waste transportation by integrating GIS analysis, equation-based, and agent-based model. Waste Manag 59:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.048
Nhubu T, Muzenda E (2019) Determination of the least impactful municipal solid waste management option in Harare, Zimbabwe. Processes 7:. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110785
Onwosi CO, Igbokwe VC, Odimba JN, Eke IE, Nwankwoala MO, Iroh IN, Ezeogu LI (2017) Composting technology in waste stabilization: on the methods, challenges and future prospects. J Environ Manage 190:140–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.051
Onyanta A (2016) Cities, municipal solid waste management, and climate change: perspectives from the South. Geogr Compass 10:499–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12299
Osra FA, Ozcan HK, Alzahrani JS, Alsoufi MS (2021) Municipal solid waste characterization and landfill gas generation in kakia landfill, makkah. Sustain 13:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031462
Pal MS, Bhatia M (2022) Current status, topographical constraints, and implementation strategy of municipal solid waste in India: a review. Arab J Geosci 15:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10414-w
Pottipati S, Kundu A, Kalamdhad AS (2022) Process optimization by combining in-vessel composting and vermicomposting of vegetable waste. Bioresour Technol 346:126357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126357
Prajapati KK, Yadav M, Singh RM, Parikh P, Pareek N, Vivekanand V (2021) An overview of municipal solid waste management in Jaipur city, India - current status, challenges and recommendations. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 152:111703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111703
Pujara Y, Pathak P, Sharma A, Govani J (2019) Review on Indian municipal solid waste management practices for reduction of environmental impacts to achieve sustainable development goals. J Environ Manage 248:109238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.009
Pujara Y, Govani J, Patel HT, Pathak P, Mashru D, Ganesh PS (2023) Quantification of environmental impacts associated with municipal solid waste management in Rajkot city, India using Life Cycle Assessment. Environ Adv 12:100364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100364
Ramachandra TV, Bharath HA, Kulkarni G, Han SS (2018) Municipal solid waste: generation, composition and GHG emissions in Bangalore, India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:1122–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.085
Ramachandra TV, Shwetmala K, Dania TM (2014) Carbon footprint of the solid waste sector in greater Bangalore, India. In: Muthu, S. (eds) Assessment of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors, Volume 1. EcoProduction. Springer, Singapore, pp 265–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-41-2_11
Rana R, Ganguly R, Gupta AK (2019) Life-cycle assessment of municipal solid-waste management strategies in Tricity region of India. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 21:606–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-00822-0
Saini S, Rao P, Patil Y (2012) City based analysis of MSW to energy generation in India, calculation of state-wise potential and tariff comparison with EU. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci 37:407–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.306
Semernya L, Ramola A, Alfthan B, Giacovelli C (2017) Waste management outlook for mountain regions: sources and solutions. Waste Manag Res 35:935–939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X17709910
Shah AV, Srivastava VK, Mohanty SS, Varjani S (2021) Municipal solid waste as a sustainable resource for energy production: state-of-the-art review. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105717. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2021.105717
Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Vaishya RC, Gupta RD (2007) Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India. Waste Manag 27:490–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.001
Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Mahmood G, Trivedi RC (2008) Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities - a review. Waste Manag 28:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.008
Sharma KD, Jain S (2019b) Overview of municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in India. J Environ Eng 145:. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001490
Sharma BK, Chandel MK (2017) Life cycle assessment of potential municipal solid waste management strategies for Mumbai, India. Waste Manag Res 35:79–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16675683
Sharma HB, Dubey BK (2020) Co-hydrothermal carbonization of food waste with yard waste for solid biofuel production: hydrochar characterization and its pelletization. Waste Manag 118:521–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.009
Sharma KD, Jain S (2019a) Overview of municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in India. J Environ Eng 145:04018143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001490
Shyamal DS, Sawai A, Kazmi AA (2022) A review on the urban municipal solid waste management system of an Indian Himalayan state. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 24:835–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01375-z
Singh SK, Chokhandre P, Salve PS, Rajak R (2021) Open dum** site and health risks to proximate communities in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional case-comparison study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal 9:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.008
Singh AP, Devi AS, Sahoo UK (2023) Quantifying plastic waste generation in Aizawl city, India: waste management and its impact on human and environmental health. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:107390–107402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27513-0
Singh MA, Singha K (2020) Understanding urbanisation in Northeast India: Issues and challenges. Routledge, India
Singh RK (2013) Challenges of solid waste management and policy implications in the Indian Himalayan Region : A scientific review. Int J Waste Resour 11:395. https://doi.org/10.35248/2252-5211.21.11.395
Singh S (2020) Decentralized solid waste management in India: A perspective on technological options. Cities-the 21st Century India. Bookwell, India
Singhal A, Gupta AK, Dubey B, Ghangrekar MM (2022) Seasonal characterization of municipal solid waste for selecting feasible waste treatment technology for Guwahati city, India. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 72:147–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1980450
Solid Waste Management Rules (2016) Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/SWM_2016.pdf. Assessed 08 Mar 2023
Srivastava R, Krishna V, Sonkar I (2014) Characterization and management of municipal solid waste : a case study of Varanasi city, India. Int J Curr Res Acad Rev 2:10–16
Talyan V, Dahiya RP, Sreekrishnan TR (2008) State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India. Waste Manag 28:1276–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.017
Thakur A, Kumari S, Sinai Borker S, Prashant SP, Kumar A, Kumar R (2021) Solid waste management in Indian Himalayan Region: current scenario, resource recovery, and way forward for sustainable development. Front Energy Res 9:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.609229
Thitame SN, Pondhe GM, Meshram DC (2010) Characterisation and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Sangamner City, District Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. Environ Monit Assess 170:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1209-x
UNEP (2010) Waste and climate change. Global Trends and strategy Framework. UNEP (United Nations Environ Program 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1145/2492517.2492522https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8648/Waste&ClimateChange.pdf?sequence=3&%3BisAllowed=. Assessed 18 Jan 2022
Vij D (2012) Urbanization and solid waste management in India: present practices and future challenges. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci 37:437–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.309
Vu HL, Ng KTW, Fallah B, Ritcher A, Kabir G (2020) Interactions of residential waste composition and collection truck compartment design on GIS route optimization. Waste Manag 102:613–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.028
World Bank (2021) India: Sustainable solid waste management in mountain areas. The World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Wu Z, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Wang H (2021) Attitude of Chinese public towards municipal solid waste sorting policy: a text mining study. Sci Total Environ 756:142674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142674
Yadav IC, Devi NL (2016) Municipal solid waste management in Imphal Town, Northeast India: a critical analysis of existing management practices and proposed action plans. Int J Waste Resour 6:. https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000238
Yadav A, Shinde S (2015) Understanding rural to urban migration: Through the case of Nagaland. In: National Conference on urban issues and architectural interventions 2015(NCUIAI-2015), pp 27-33
Yadav P, Samadder SR (2018) Environmental impact assessment of municipal solid waste management options using life cycle assessment: a case study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:838–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0439-7
Zakarya IA, Fazhil NSA, Izhar TNT, Zaba SK, Jamaluddin MNF (2020) Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective solid waste management in UniMAP. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 616:. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/616/1/012047
Zhang DQ, Tan SK, Gersberg RM (2010) Municipal solid waste management in China: status, problems and challenges. J Environ Manage 91:1623–1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.012
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, literature search, data collection, and analysis were performed by Moanaro Ao. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Moanaro Ao, and Nzanthung Ngullie commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read the revised manuscript, participated in the final revision, and approved the final manuscript for submission. The supervision of the manuscript was performed by Nzanthung Ngullie.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ao, M., Ngullie, N. Overview of municipal solid waste management in sub-tropical climatic region of North Eastern India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 23307–23321 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32689-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32689-0