Abstract
In this study, the effect of employing ZnO/Acalypha Indica leaf extract (ZAE) on the energy absorption of a coated portable solar cooker has been examined using an experimental setup. A prototypical model has been developed to corroborate in associating an investigative outcome per constituents of the experiments. The studied heat transfer process in ZAE is stable for harsh conditions. The design analysis and an estimation of the system performance were done given various parameters including the pressure of the vacuum envelope, bar plate coating digestion, emissivity, and solar rays. The fabricated solar was tested with and without ZAE to investigate the impact of this coating material on the solar cooker’s thermal performance. To observe the performance of the new design, two figures of merit (F1 and F2) have been introduced. The factual food cooking assessments were for a family of four people, which operated in ZAE coating (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 μm) of the solar cooker. The values of F1 and F2 for the proposed cooker were obtained as 0.1520 and 0.4235, respectively, which is intact with the BIS values. The results revealed that employing ZAE instead of a thermal NHC-PV solar cooker reduced the time required to boil 2 L of water for about 47 min. The overall thermal energy productivity of the solar cooker with electrical backup was obtained as 42.65%, indicating that the ZAE coating can improve the thermal efficiency by 10.35%.
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Data availability
The synthesized materials with herbal extracts and data of results of characterization are available.
Abbreviations
- A :
-
area of the base and side of the cooking vessel (m2)
- A sc :
-
solar cooker area (m2)
- C :
-
specific heat capacity of water (J/kgK)
- E NHC, out, ave :
-
average energy output in NHC (%)
- E p :
-
energy pump
- F 1&2 :
-
first and second figure of merit
- H :
-
intensity of solar radiation (W/m2)
- H dt :
-
hourly variation of solar radiations (W/m2)
- h cbcf :
-
convective heat transfer coefficient from base of the cooking vessel to cooking fluid (W/mK)
- h cscf :
-
convective heat transfer coefficient from side of the cooking vessel to cooking fluid (W/mK)
- h cfl :
-
convective heat transfer coefficient from cooking fluid to the lid of the cooking vessel (W/mK)
- h la :
-
convective heat transfer coefficient from the lid of the cooking vessel to the ambient (W/mK)
- M :
-
mass of water (kg)
- P :
-
interval cooking power (W)
- P s :
-
standardized cooking power (W)
- T a :
-
ambient temperature (°C)
- t 1 :
-
initial time
- t 2 :
-
final time
- T w1 :
-
initial water temperature (K)
- T w2 :
-
final water temperature (K)
- T 1 :
-
initial water temperature during the evaluation of interval cooking power (°C)
- T 2 :
-
final water temperature during the evaluation of interval cooking power (°C)
- M w :
-
mass of cooking fluid (kg)
- C w :
-
specific heat capacity of cooking fluid (J/kgK)
- T w :
-
temperature of cooking fluid (°C)
- T b :
-
temperaure of the base of the cooking vessel (°C)
- T s :
-
temperature of the sides of the cooking vessel (°C)
- T l :
-
temperature of the lid of the cooking vessel (°C)
- T a :
-
temperature of the ambient (°C)
- T ps :
-
stagnation temperature of the base of the cooking vessel without load (°C)
- ƞpv :
-
overall output of PV
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Acknowledgements
The authors received from the Department of Science and Technology (DST, Delhi), Government of India, award of the DST-FIRST Level-1(SR/FST/PS-1/2018/35) scheme to the Department of Physics.
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Appreciations are grateful to the KLEF offering infrastructure, facilities, basic found (Perform basic instruments) and support to the current investigation.
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A. Simon Prabu: Synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs with herbal extracts. Dr. V. Chithambaram: Data validation, reviewing and editing the paper. Dr.S. Shanmugan: Analysis of results, writing the manuscript, reviewing and editing the paper. Dr. Pasquale Cavaliere and Dr. Shiva Gorjian: Data validation, Editing of the manuscript. Dr.: Abderrahmane Aissa and Abed Mourad: Analysis of results. Dr. P. Pardhasaradhi and Dr. R. Muthucumaraswamy: Analysis of results, writing the manuscript. Dr. F. A. Essa and Dr. Ammar Hamed Elsheikh: Analysis of results, Data validation.
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Prabu, A.S., Chithambaram, V., Shanmugan, S. et al. The performance enhancement of solar cooker integrated with photovoltaic module and evacuated tubes using ZnO/Acalypha Indica leaf extract: response surface study analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 15082–15101 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23126-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23126-1