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New classification method of coal spontaneous combustion three zones in the goaf based on non-parametric kernel density estimation

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Abstract

The accurate division of three zones of coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf plays a vital role for coal fire prevention. Based on the O2 and CO volume fraction acquired from in situ test, this paper first fits the linear equation (characteristic equation) of O2 volume fraction with the length of the goaf. Then a cloud map of the kernel density distribution of O2 and CO volume fraction and the length of the goaf was drawn. According to the cloud map of CO, the distribution interval of CO volume fraction can be obtained, in which 0–100 ppm is the acceptable range, and greater than 100 ppm is the dangerous range, which can be used as a critical indicator for early warning of coal spontaneous combustion. According to the kernel density distribution cloud map of O2 volume fraction, there are 3 peaks of the kernel density of O2 volume fraction. According to the difference test, the 3 goaf lengths (characteristic lengths) corresponding to the 3 kernel density peaks are determined to be 12 m, 34 m, and 59 m, respectively. The characteristic O2 volume fractions are obtained by substituting characteristic lengths into the characteristic equation, which are 17.9%, 13.6%, and 8.9%. Different from the traditional dividing method, the characteristic O2 volume fractions and characteristic lengths divide the goaf into four areas: the heat dissipation zone, the first oxidation zone, the second oxidation zone, and the asphyxiation zone. The results of this study could refine the division of coal spontaneous combustion dangerous areas, reflect the dynamic change process of coal spontaneous combustion dangerous areas, and improve the efficiency of coal spontaneous combustion prevention.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, People’s Republic of China

    Qing Guo

  2. School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China

    Wanxing Ren

  3. School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, People’s Republic of China

    Wei Lu

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  1. Qing Guo
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  2. Wanxing Ren
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  3. Wei Lu
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Contributions

All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Qing Guo, Wanxing Ren, and Wei LU. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Qing Guo, and all the authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Wanxing Ren.

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Guo, Q., Ren, W. & Lu, W. New classification method of coal spontaneous combustion three zones in the goaf based on non-parametric kernel density estimation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 4733–4743 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22528-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22528-5

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