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AI-exposure and labour market: a systematic literature review on estimations, validations, and perceptions

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Abstract

The artificial intelligence (AI) revolution is still in its infancy, but it is constantly changing across time and space. Any AI-penetration, adoption and diffusion trigger further rounds of supply-induced demand for newer AI-exposures. Understandably, the demand and supply are intertwined, and currently, it is a formidable challenge to comprehensively capture and delineate the extent of AI's influence, as evidenced in existing literature. The paper details out the fundamental inferences drawn by the recent literature on this, thoroughly and systematically. The findings are based on peer-reviewed articles from the domains of economics, HR, business and management literature spanning 2010–2023. Although growing AI exposure is widely acknowledged in the literature, clarity and comprehensiveness are missing on several grounds. This review analyses the adoption of technology based on AI, whether in a broad or narrow sense, as well as the skill sets required and its impact on the labour market as documented in extant literature, encompassing employment, occupations, earnings, and organisation. Three overarching concerns are identified: First, to assess and infer on possible labour market impacts due to the AI-exposure of firms the proxies of AI exposure taken by the literature are quite diverse: robotization, digital evolution index, human–machine collaboration, technological progress etc. Second, the methodologies employed in qualitative and quantitative literature exhibit a wide range of diversity; these techniques often yielded contradictory and divergent conclusions, potentially influenced by the size and structure of the data utilised in the respective methods. Third, research is limited to China or regions of developed countries, making it difficult to draw general conclusions. The literature at present, is dispersed, and is yet to build any consensus on deciphering the skill-types that possibly would see the largest impacts, the sectors that might see plethora of AI-enabled economic repercussions, whether indeed there will be an overall net- job destruction or net-job creation, and does that differ across economic regions? The paper details out the fundamental inferences drawn by the recent literature on this, thoroughly and systematically.

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Notes

  1. https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html.

  2. Your job is (probably) safe from artificial intelligence (economist.com).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics, Thiagarajar School of Management, Madurai, India

    Dona Ghosh

  2. Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

    Dona Ghosh

  3. Head, Economic Affairs and Policy, Indian Chamber of Commerce and FPM Scholar, IMI-Kolkata, Kolkata, India

    Rajarshi Ghosh

  4. Faculty of Economics, International Management Institute, Kolkata, India

    Sahana Roy Chowdhury

  5. Faculty of MIS and Analytics, International Management Institute, Kolkata, India

    Boudhayan Ganguly

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  1. Dona Ghosh
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Appendices

Appendix A

Number of articles and list of the journals.

Journal

No. of articles

AI and Society

1

Applied Artificial Intelligence

1

Behaviour and Information Technology

1

BMC medical informatics and decision making

1

California Management Review

1

Central European Journal of Public Policy

1

China Economic Journal

1

Digital Health

1

Economic Inquiry

1

Economic Modelling

1

Economics, Management, and Financial Markets

1

Economie et Statistique

1

Eurasian Business Review

1

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications

1

International journal of manpower

1

Journal of Applied Accounting Research

1

Journal of Asia Business Studies

1

Journal of Business Ethics

1

Journal of Business Research

1

Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law

1

Journal of Labor Economics

1

Journal of Macroeconomics

1

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

1

Journal of Service Research

1

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research

1

Macroeconomic Dynamics

1

New Technology, Work and Employment

1

PLoS ONE

1

Research Policy

2

Review of Accounting Studies

1

Review of Economics and Political Science

1

Scientific Annals of Economics and Business

1

Sustainability (Switzerland)

1

Technological Forecasting and Social Change

1

Tourism Management

1

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

1

Total

37

Appendix B

Word cloud analysis of major findings

figure a

In this analysis, words are grouped with exact matches, stemmed words and synonyms.

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Ghosh, D., Ghosh, R., Roy Chowdhury, S. et al. AI-exposure and labour market: a systematic literature review on estimations, validations, and perceptions. Manag Rev Q (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00393-x

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