Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is used in high-throughput wireless networks. The shorter wavelength of mmWave requires the use of highly directional beamforming transmission techniques. However, transmission link degradation is significant with fast movement in the end user (EU) device. In this study, a rotational motion-aware beam refinement procedure (BRP) was proposed to maintain high-throughput data transmission during data transmission intervals (DTIs). Within the millisecond time frame of a DTI, the vulnerable rotational movement of the EU device can be detected using a three-axis orientation sensor (gyro). Therefore, the proposed BRP algorithm was employed at the EU device to switch the beam and thus achieve a proper line-of-sight. The process of beam switching is performed by directly detecting changes in the orientation of the EU device. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm maintains high-throughput transmission under the fast movement of a EU device. The execution time of the BRP algorithm can be as low as 10 µs. Therefore, the overhead is solely the result of the sampling frequency of the motion sensors. The simulation results demonstrated that the use of our proposed algorithm improved the average received signal strength indicator by over 10 dBm. Furthermore, an average throughput of 928 Mbps is achieved with hardware testing, which is close to the maximum throughput of 970 Mbps for a low-power 60-GHz mmWave-embedded device.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ghadikolaei, H. S., Fischione, C., Fodor, G., Popovski, P., & Zorzi, M. (2015). Millimeter wave cellular networks: A MAC layer perspective. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 63(10), 3437–3458.
Maltsev, A., Maslennikov, R., Sevastyanov, A., Lomayev, A., & Khoryaev, A. (2010). Statistical channel model for 60 GHz WLAN systems in conference room environment. In Proceedings of European conference on antennas and propagation (pp. 1–5).
Li, B., Zhou, Z., Zou, W., Sun, X., & Du, G. (2013). On the efficient beam-forming training for 60GHz wireless personal area networks. IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, 12(2), 504–515.
Yang, G. O. Z., Pathak, P. H., Zeng, Y., & Mohapatra, P. (2015). Sensor-assisted codebook-based beamforming for mobility management in 60 GHz WLANs. In IEEE international conference on mobile ad-hoc and sensor systems (pp. 333–341).
Palacios, J., De Donno, D., & Widmer, J. (2017). Tracking mm-Wave channel dynamics: Fast beam training strategies under mobility. In IEEE conference on computer communications (INFOCOM) (pp. 1–9).
Shim, D. S., Yang, C. K., Kim, J. H., Han, J. P., & Cho, Y. S. (2014). Application of motion sensors for beam-tracking of mobile stations in mmWave communication systems. Sensors, 14(10), 19622–19638.
Bao, Z., Sato, Y., Sawada, H., & Kato, S. (2012). A proposal of single carrier beam tracking communications systems for low power 60 GHz indoor wireless communications terminals. In Proceedings of global symposium on millimeter-waves (pp. 523–527).
Guo, H., Makki, B., & Svensson, T. (2017). A comparison of beam refinement algorithms for millimeter wave initial access. In IEEE 28th annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (PIMRC) (pp. 1–7).
Tsang, Y. M., & Poon, A. S. Y. (2011). Detecting human blockage and device movement in mmWave communication system. In IEEE global telecommunications conference—GLOBECOM (pp. 1–6).
Zhou, P., Cheng, K., Han, X., Fang, X., Fang, Y., He, R., et al. (2018). IEEE 802.11ay-based mmWave WLANs: Design challenges and solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(3), 1654–1681.
Patra, A., Simic, L., & Mahonen, P. (2015). Smart mm-wave beam steering algorithm for fast link re-establishment under node mobility in 60 GHz indoor WLANs. In Proceedings ACM international symposium on mobility management and wireless access (MobiWac) (pp. 53–62).
Steinmetzer, D., Loch, A., García-García, A., Widmer, J., & Hollick, M. (2017). Mitigating lateral interference: Adaptive beam switching for robust millimeter-wave networks. In Proceedings of ACM workshop on millimeter-wave networking and sensing systems (mmNets) (pp. 29–34).
Doff, A. W., Chandra, K., & Prasad, R. V. (2015). Sensor assisted movement identification and prediction for beamformed 60 GHz links. In Annual IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC) (pp. 648–653).
Mavromatis, I., Tassi, A., Piechocki, R. J., & Nix, A. (2017). mmWave system for future ITS: A MAC-layer approach for V2X beam steering. In IEEE vehicular technology conference (VTC-Fall) (pp. 1–6).
Nitsche, T., Flores, A. B., Knightly, E. W., & Widmer, J. (2015). Steering with eyes closed: Mm-Wave beam steering without in-band measurement. In IEEE conference on computer communications (INFOCOM) (pp. 2416–2424).
Giordani, M., Mezzavilla, M., Barati, C. N., Rangan, S., & Zorzi, M. (2016). Comparative analysis of initial access techniques in 5G mmWave cellular networks. In Annual conference on information science and systems (CISS) (pp. 268–273).
IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. IEEE Std 802.11–2016 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11–2012) (pp. 1–3534), 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7786995.
Kato, S., Harada, H., Funada, R., Baykas, T., Sum, C. S., Wang, J., & Rahman, M. A. (2009). Single carrier transmission for multi-gigabit 60-GHz WPAN systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 27(8), 466–1478.
Wang, Y., Luo, D., Pan, Q., **g, L., Li, Z., & Yue, C. P. (2017). A 60-GHz 4-Gb/s fully integrated NRZ-to-QPSK fiber-wireless modulator. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 64(3), 653–663.
Sawada, H., Nakase, H., Kato, S., Umehira, M., Sato, K., & Harada, H. (2010). Impulse response model and parameters for indoor channel modeling at 60GHz. In IEEE vehicular technology conference (pp. 1–5).
Hashemi, M., Sabharwal, A., Emre Koksal, C., & Shroff, N. B. (2018). Efficient beam alignment in millimeter wave systems using contextual bandits. In IEEE conference on computer communications (INFOCOM) (pp. 2393–2401).
Steinmetzer, D., Wegemer, D., Schulz, M., Widmer, J., & Hollick, M. (2017). Compressive millimeter-wave sector selection in off-the-shelf IEEE 802.1lad devices. In Proceedings of international conference on emerging networking experiments and technology (CoNEXT), ACM (pp. 414–425).
Zhou, A., Wu, L., Xu, S., Ma, H., Wei, T., & Zhang, X. (2018). Following the shadow: Agile 3-D beam-steering for 60 GHz wireless networks. In IEEE conference on computer communications (INFOCOM) (pp. 2375–2383).
Hosoya, K., Prasad, N., Ramachandran, K., Orihashi, N., Kishimoto, S., Rangarajan, S., & Maruhashi, K. (2015). Multiple sector ID capture (MIDC): A novel beamforming technique for 60-GHz band multi-Gbps WLAN/PAN systems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 63(1), 81–96.
Ford, R., Zhang, M., Mezzavilla, M., Dutta, S., Rangan, S., & Zorzi, M. (2017). Achieving ultra-low latency in 5G millimeter wave cellular networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(3), 196–203.
Steinmetzer, D., Classen, J., & Hollick, M. (2016). mmTrace: Modeling millimeter-wave indoor propagation with image-based ray-tracing. In IEEE conference on computer communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) (pp. 429–434).
Niu, Y., Li, Y., **, D., et al. (2015). A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: Opportunities and challenges. Wireless Networks, 21, 2657–2676.
Wu, L., Leung, H. F., Li, A., & Luong, H. C. (2017). A 4-element 60-GHz CMOS phased-array receiver with beamforming calibration. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 64(3), 642–652.
Gao, X., Dai, L., Yuen, C., & Wang, Z. (2016). Turbo-like beamforming based on Tabu search algorithm for millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 65(7), 5731–5737.
Hur, S., Kim, T., Love, D. J., Krogmeier, J. V., Thomas, T. A., & Ghosh, A. (2011). Multilevel millimeter wave beamforming for wireless backhaul. In IEEE GLOBECOM workshops (GC Wkshps) (pp. 253–257).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, T.H., Jigalur, S.B. & Huang, PT. Rotational motion-aware beam refinement for high-throughput mmWave communications. Wireless Netw 27, 2159–2172 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02570-w
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02570-w