Abstract
Aims
It is essential to explore tree root development, dynamics and its control factors to improve the productivity of plantations. Tree provenance and soil lithology may jointly regulate root growth in subtropical plantations, but this relationship has not yet been quantified.
Methods
We used a split-plot design with tree provenances (DY, GP, CY, SG, TM) and soil lithology (basalt, quartz sandstone, feldspathic quartz sandstone, blastopsammite) to determine the root growth of 4-year-old Masson pine seedlings in combination.
Results
Our results showed an interaction effect between tree provenances and soil lithology on root surface area (RSA), root length (RL), root volume (RV), root biomass (RB), specific root surface area (SRA) and specific root length (SRL). The RV, RSA, RL, RB, and SRL of the DY provenance were higher than those of the other provenances due to site conditions similar to the planting site (e.g., climate, altitude, and latitude); the RSA, RV, SRL, SRA and RB of DY provenance on the soil with lithology of blastopsammite were significantly lower than those of feldspar quartz sandstone and quartz sandstone, which indicates that the root growth is also affected by soil lithology. Furthermore, soil bulk density, total soil potassium, soil organic carbon and soil particle composition were the main factors affecting root growth in basalt, quartz sandstone, feldspathic quartz sandstone and blastopsammite soil, respectively, indicating that the required soil properties by plants changes with changes in the soil environment.
Conclusions
We conclude that provenance and soil lithology jointly drive the root growth of young subtropical plantations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Ahmad Z, Anjum S, Waraich EA, Ayub MA, Ahmad T, Tariq RMS, Ahmad R, Iqbal MA (2018) Growth, physiology, and biochemical activities of plant responses with foliar potassium application under drought stress – a review. J Plant Nutr 41:1734–1743. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1459688
Almås ÅR, Sævarsson HT, Krogstad T (2017) The partitioning of P in soil determines the fluxes and deliveries of labile P in soil solution. Geoderma 306:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.020
Amireh BS, Amaireh MN, Taha SA, Abed AM (2019) Petrogenesis, provenance, and rare earth element geochemistry, southeast desert phosphorite. Jordan J African Earth Sci 150:701–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.09.023
Anda M, Suryani E, Husnain SD (2015) Strategy to reduce fertilizer application in volcanic paddy soils: Nutrient reserves approach from parent materials. Soil Tillage Res 150:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.01.005
Augusto L, Achat DL, Jonard M, Vidal D, Ringeval B (2017) Soil parent material—A major driver of plant nutrient limitations in terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 23:3808–3824. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13691
Aziz MM, Palta JA, Siddique KHM, Sadras VO (2017) Five decades of selection for yield reduced root length density and increased nitrogen uptake per unit root length in Australian wheat varieties. Plant Soil 413:181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3059-y
Bai Y, Zhou Y (2020) The main factors controlling spatial variability of soil organic carbon in a small karst watershed, Guizhou Province, China. Geoderma 357: 113938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113938
Bai Y, Zhou Y, He H (2020) Effects of rehabilitation through afforestation on soil aggregate stability and aggregate-associated carbon after forest fires in subtropical China. Geoderma 376:114548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114548
BÁRcenas-Moreno G, GÓMez-BrandÓN M, Rousk J, BÅÅTh E (2009) Adaptation of soil microbial communities to temperature: comparison of fungi and bacteria in a laboratory experiment. Glob Chang Biol 15: 2950–2957. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01882.x
Barraclough PB, Kuhlmann H, Weir AH (1989) The Effects of Prolonged Drought and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Root and Shoot Growth and Water Uptake by Winter Wheat 163: 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1989.tb00778.x
Bichara S, Mazzafera P, de Andrade SAL (2021) Root morphological changes in response to low phosphorus concentration in eucalypt species. Trees 35:1933–1943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02161-4
Bucharova A, Michalski S, Hermann J-M, Heveling K, Durka W, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Bossdorf O, Wan S (2017) Genetic differentiation and regional adaptation among seed origins used for grassland restoration: lessons from a multispecies transplant experiment. J Appl Ecol 54:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12645
Buras A, Sass-Klaassen U, Verbeek I, Copini P (2020) Provenance selection and site conditions determine growth performance of pedunculate oak. Dendrochronologia 61:125705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125705
Byloos B, Maan H, Van Houdt R, Boon N, Leys N (2018) The Ability of Basalt to Leach Nutrients and Support Growth of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 Depends on Basalt Composition and Element Release. Geomicrobiol J 35:438–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2017.1392650
Cabal C, Martinez-Garcia R, de Castro AA, Valladares F, Pacala SW (2020) The exploitative segregation of plant roots. Science 370:1197–1199. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9877
Camara J, Gomez-Miguel V, Martin MA (2017) Lithologic control on soil texture heterogeneity. Geoderma 287:157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.09.006
Cao Y, He Z, Zhu T, Zhao F (2021) Organic-C quality as a key driver of microbial nitrogen immobilization in soil: A meta-analysis. Geoderma 383:114784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114784
Ceccon C, Tagliavini M, Schmitt AO, Eissenstat DM (2016) Untangling the effects of root age and tissue nitrogen on root respiration in Populus tremuloides at different nitrogen supply. Tree Physiol 36:618–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw022
Chen B, Fang B, Chen Q, et al (2020) Superior provenance and plus tree selection for betula alnoides in Southern Fujian China. Pakistan J Botany 52:1751–1755. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2020-5(5)
Chen FJ, Popov YA, Sevostianov I, Romushkevich R, Giraud A, Grgic D (2017) Replacement relations for thermal conductivity of a porous rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 97:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.06.008
Chen J, Gabelman WH (2000) Morphological and physiological characteristics of tomato roots associated with potassium-acquisition efficiency. Sci Hortic (amsterdam) 83:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00079-5
Chu CJ, Lutz JA, Kral K et al (2019) Direct and indirect effects of climate on richness drive the latitudinal diversity gradient in forest trees. Ecol Lett 22:245–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13175
Garot E, Joet T, Combes MC, Lashermes P (2019) Genetic diversity and population divergences of an indigenous tree (Coffea mauritiana) in Reunion Island: role of climatic and geographical factors. Heredity (edinb) 122:833–847. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0168-9
Gokbulak F, Ozcan M (2008) Hydro-physical properties of soils developed from different parent materials. Geoderma 145:376–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.04.006
Gülcü S, Bilir N (2017) Growth and Survival Variation among Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Provenances. Int J Genomics 2017: 1904623. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1904623
Hossain MF, Chen W, Zhang Y (2015) Bulk density of mineral and organic soils in the Canada’s arctic and sub-arctic. Inf Process Agric 2:183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2015.09.001
Ishizuka W, Kon H, Kita K, Kuromaru M, Goto S (2021) Local adaptation to contrasting climatic conditions in Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis) revealed by long-term provenance trials. Ecol Res 36:720–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12232
**g H, Liu Y, Wang G, Liu G (2021) Contrasting effects of nitrogen addition on rhizosphere soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions of fine roots with different diameters from Pinus tabulaeformis forest using laboratory incubation. Sci Total Environ 780: 146298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146298
Khashi U, Rahman M, Zhou X, Wu F (2019) The role of root exudates, CMNs, and VOCs in plant–plant interaction. Journal of Plant Interactions 14:630–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2019.1689581
Kunkel V, Wells T, Hancock GR (2016) Soil temperature dynamics at the catchment scale. Geoderma 273:32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.03.011
Kuster TM, Arend M, Gunthardt-Goerg MS, Schulin R (2013) Root growth of different oak provenances in two soils under drought stress and air warming conditions. Plant Soil 369:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1541-8
Lai JS, Zou Y, Zhang JL, Peres-Neto PR (2022) Generalizing hierarchical and variation partitioning in multiple regression and canonical analyses using the rdacca.hp R package. Methods Ecol Evol 13:782–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13800
Li D, Nan H, Liang J, Cheng X, Zhao C, Yin H, Yin C, Liu Q (2017). Responses of nutrient capture and fine root morphology of subalpine coniferous tree Picea asperata to nutrient heterogeneity and competition. PLoS One 12 (11): e0187496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187496
Libourel G, Deloule E, Toplis MJ (1994) Phosphorus partitioning in basalts: an experimental and ion probe study. Mineral Mag A 58:527–528
Liu, Corsa Lok Ching, Kuchma O, Krutovsky KV (2018). Mixed-species versus monocultures in plantation forestry: Development, benefits, ecosystem services and perspectives for the future. Glob Ecol Conserv 15: e00419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00419
Liu D (2021) Root developmental responses to phosphorus nutrition. J Integr Plant Biol 63:1065–1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13090
Lõhmus K, Oja T, Lasn R (1989) Specific root area: A soil characteristic. Plant Soil 119:245–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02370415
Lynch J (1995) Root Architecture and Plant Productivity. Plant Physiol 109:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.1.7
Mao L, Zha R, Chen S, Zhang J, Jie L, Zha X (2021) Mixture Compound Fertilizer and Super Absorbent Polymer Application Significantly Promoted Growth and Increased Nutrient Levels in Pinus massoniana Seedlings and Soil in Seriously Eroded Degradation Region of Southern China. Front Plant Sci 12: 763175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.763175
Mathur P, Roy S (2020) Nanosilica facilitates silica uptake, growth and stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 157:114–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.011
Meier IC, Tuckmantel T, Heitkotter J, Muller K, Preusser S, Wrobel TJ, Kandeler E, Marschner B, Leuschner C (2020) Root exudation of mature beech forests across a nutrient availability gradient: the role of root morphology and fungal activity. New Phytol 226:583–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16389
Mertens J, Germer J, de Araújo Filho JC, Sauerborn J (2017) Effect of biochar, clay substrate and manure application on water availability and tree-seedling performance in a sandy soil. Arch Agron Soil Sci 63:969–983. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2016.1249473
Moles AT, Westoby M (2004) Seedling survival and seed size: a synthesis of the literature. J Ecol 92:372–383
Nadelhoffer KJ (2000) The potential effects of nitrogen deposition on fine-root production in forest ecosystems. New Phytol 147:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00677.x
Nagaike T, Fujita T, Dejima S, Chino T, Matsuzaki S, Takanose Y, Takahashi K (2012) Interactive influences of distance from seed source and management practices on tree species composition in conifer plantations. For Ecol Manage 283:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.006
Novoplansky A (2019) What plant roots know? Semin. Cell Dev Biol 92:126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.009
O’Brien EK, Mazanec RA, Krauss SL (2007) Provenance variation of ecologically important traits of forest trees: Implications for restoration. J Appl Ecol 44:583–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01313.x
Ostonen I, Püttsepp Ü, Biel C, et al (2007) Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change. 141:426–442
Pawson SM, Brin A, Brockerhoff EG, Lamb D, Payn TW, Paquette A, Parrotta JA (2013) Plantation forests, climate change and biodiversity. Biodivers Conserv 22:1203–1227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0458-8
Potocka I, Szymanowska-Pulka J (2018) Morphological responses of plant roots to mechanical stress. Ann Bot 122:711–723. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy010
Razaq M, Zhang P, Shen HL, Salahuddin (2017) Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the growth and root morphology of Acer mono. PLoS One 12 (2): e0171321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171321
R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Ren LJ, Guo X, Liu SN, Yu T, Guo WH, Wang RQ, Ye SY, Lambertini C, Brix H, Eller F (2020) Intraspecific variation in Phragmites australis: Clinal adaption of functional traits and phenotypic plasticity vary with latitude of origin. J Ecol 108:2531–2543. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13401
Rengel Z, Damon PM (2008) Crops and genotypes differ in efficiency of potassium uptake and use. Physiol Plant 133:624–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01079.x
Rogers ED, Monaenkova D, Mijar M, Nori A, Goldman DI, Benfey PN (2016) X-Ray Computed Tomography Reveals the Response of Root System Architecture to Soil Texture. Plant Physiol 171:2028–2040. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00397
Ryser P (2006) The mysterious root length. Plant Soil 286:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9096-1
Sagliker H, Cenkseven S, Kizildag N, Kocak B, Ozdeniz E, Ozbey BG, Bölükbası A, Kurt L (2018) Is parent material an important factor in soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization? Eur J Soil Biol 89:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.11.002
Sauro F (2014) Structural and lithological guidance on speleogenesis in quartz-sandstone: Evidence of the arenisation process. Geomorphology 226:106–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.033
Savolainen O, Pyhäjärvi T, Knürr T (2007) Gene flow and local adaptation in trees. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38:595–619. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095646
Shibata M, Sugimoto K (2019) A gene regulatory network for root hair development. J Plant Res 132:301–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-019-01100-2
Sierra M, Martínez FJ, Sierra C, Aguilar J (2009) Correlations between pedological parameters in relation to lithology and soil type in Almería (SE Spain). J Arid Environ 73:493–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.10.014
Stroncik NA, Schmincke HU (2001) Evolution of palagonite: Crystallization, chemical changes, and element budget. Geochem, Geophys, Geosyst 2:2017. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000102
Sun L, Xun WB, Huang T, Zhang GS, Gao JS, Ran W, Li DC, Shen QR, Zhang RF (2016) Alteration of the soil bacterial community during parent material maturation driven by different fertilization treatments. Soil Biol Biochem 96:207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.02.011
Šurinová M, Hadincová V, Vandvik V, Münzbergová Z (2019) Temperature and precipitation, but not geographic distance, explain genetic relatedness among populations in the perennial grass Festuca rubra. J Plant Ecol 12:730–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz010
Taeger S, Sparks TH, Menzel A (2015) Effects of temperature and drought manipulations on seedlings of Scots pine provenances. Plant Biol 17:361–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12245
Tang C, Han XZ, Qiao YF, Zheng SJ (2009) Phosphorus deficiency does not enhance proton release by roots of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Murr.]. Environ Exp Bot 67:228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.04.004
Theodorou C, Bowen GD (1993) Root morphology, growth and uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen of Pinus radiata families in different soils. For Ecol Manage 56:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90102-S
Topp CN, Bray AL, Ellis NA, Liu ZB (2016) How can we harness quantitative genetic variation in crop root systems for agricultural improvement? J Integr Plant Biol 58:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12470
Tuckmantel T, Leuschner C, Preusser S, Kandeler E, Angst G, Mueller CW, Meier IC (2017) Root exudation patterns in a beech forest: Dependence on soil depth, root morphology, and environment. Soil Biol Biochem 107:188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.006
Vaheddoost B, Guan YQ, Mohammadi B (2020) Application of hybrid ANN-whale optimization model in evaluation of the field capacity and the permanent wilting point of the soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:13131–13141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07868-4
Varghese M, Harwood CE, Bush DJ et al (2017) Growth and wood properties of natural provenances, local seed sources and clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in southern India: implications for breeding and deployment. New Forest 48:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-016-9556-2
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38
Wang H, Inukai Y, Yamauchi A (2006) Root development and nutrient uptake. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 25:279–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680600709917
Wang NQ, Kong CH, Wang P, Meiners SJ (2021a) Root exudate signals in plant–plant interactions. Plant, Cell Environ 44:1044–1058. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13892
Wang YB, Wang ZT, Shi L, Rong YW, Hu J, Jiang GZ, Wang YQ, Hu SBA (2021b) Anisotropic Differences in the Thermal Conductivity of Rocks: A Summary from Core Measurement Data in East China. Minerals 11(10): 1135. ARTN 113510.3390/min11101135
Wu Q, Pages L, Wu J (2016) Relationships between root diameter, root length and root branching along lateral roots in adult, field-grown maize. Ann Bot 117:379–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv185
**ao WF, Ge XG, Zeng LX, Huang ZL, Lei JP, Zhou BZ, Li MH (2014) Rates of Litter Decomposition and Soil Respiration in Relation to Soil Temperature and Water in Different-Aged Pinus massoniana Forests in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. PLoS One 9(7): e101890. ARTN e10189010.1371/journal.pone.0101890
**e Y, An S, Wu B, Wang W (2006) Density-dependent root morphology and root distribution in the submerged plant Vallisneria natans. Environ Exp Bot 57:195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.06.001
**ong DC, Yang ZJ, Chen GS, Liu XF, Lin WS, Huang JX, Bowles FP, Lin CF, **e JS, Li YQ, Yang YS (2018) Interactive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on fine root dynamics of a young subtropical plantation. Soil Biol Biochem 123:180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.05.009
Xu BC, Niu FR, Duan DP, Xu WZ, Huang J (2012) Root Morphological Characteristics of Lespedeza Davurica (L.) Intercropped with Bothriochloa Ischaemum (L.) Keng under Water Stress and P Application Conditions. Pakistan J Bot 44:1857–1864
Yin K, Zhang L, Chen D, Tian Y, Zhang F, Wen M, Yuan C (2016) Understory herb layer exerts strong controls on soil microbial communities in subtropical plantations. Sci Rep 6:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27066
Zeb Aurang, Abid M, Zeb MA, Qureshi MO, Younas U, Batool I (2020) Measurement and Prediction of Thermal Conductivity of Volcanic Basalt Rocks from Warsak Area. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020: 4756806https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4756806
Zeleznik P, Westergren M, Bozic G, Eler K, Bajc M, Helmisaari HS, Horvath A, Kraigher H (2019) Root growth dynamics of three beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances. For Ecol Manage 431:35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.024
Zhang Z, ** G, Feng Z, Sun L, Zhou Z, Zheng Y, Yuan C (2020) Joint influence of genetic origin and climate on the growth of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) in China. Sci Rep 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61597-9
Zhu HY, Weng YH, Zhang HG, Meng FR, Major JE (2013) Comparing fast- and slow-growing provenances of Picea koraiensis in biomass, carbon parameters and their relationships with growth. For Ecol Manage 307:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.024
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32260375), the first-class discipline construction project in Guizhou Province (GNYL [2017]007), and the 100 High Level Innovating Project (Grant No. QKHRC-2015–4022).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Jian Feng and Yunxing Bai contributed equally.
Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing: Jian Feng and Yunxing Bai; Writing—Review & Editing: Yunchao Zhou. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest/Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ivika Ostonen.
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Feng, J., Bai, Y. & Zhou, Y. Interactive effects of provenance and soil lithology on root dynamics of a young subtropical plantation in China. Plant Soil 490, 93–108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06065-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06065-9