Abstract
Slow-moving landslides cause significant economic losses associated with damage to facilities and interruption of human activity in mountainous regions and along river valleys. Physical vulnerability of structures exposed to slow-moving landslides is a required input for informed risk mitigation decision-making. However, the quantification of this vulnerability is still a major challenge. Few studies have been completed on this topic due to the limited historical data of the building damage associated with the comprehensive descriptions of the landslide mechanism. This research presents an experimental approach to investigating the mechanism of damage development and evolution on masonry buildings exposed to ground tension cracks associated with slow-moving landslides. A one-tenth scale model of a masonry building was designed and tested on the newly developed test table. The details of the testing setup are presented in this paper. The scaled model was constructed using sintered clay brick masonry and an unreinforced concrete foundation. An artificial tension crack was opened under the scaled model through the application of loading steps, in the direction parallel to the model foundation. The internal strains and associated forces developed on the scale model walls and foundation were measured by strain gauges. It was observed that the damage ranged from cracking to partial out-of-plane failure of the walls and the foundation. The damage level increased with the propagation of the tension crack on the test table. The final observation results were compared and validated against the field observations of damaged buildings on slow-moving landslides in TGR area in China. The experimental loading device simulated building damage caused by ground horizontal displacements and can bridge the gap in understanding the effects of slow-moving landslides on structures. It provided a new way to analyze the vulnerability of masonry structure under horizontal movement patterns of slow-moving landslides.
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Data availability
The data of material strength and the model strain were our original data by test. The data of landslide displacement and building damaged were collected by the field work. And the monitoring data of the ** Landslides was provided by the Geological Environment Monitoring Master Station of Chongqing. The data are not available online. If readers want to have the data, they can request it by e-mail from the authors.
Abbreviations
- TGR:
-
Three gorges reservoir
- DInSAR:
-
Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar
- InSAR:
-
Interferometry with satellite radars with synthetic aperture
- GNSS:
-
Global navigation satellite system
- UAV:
-
Unmanned aerial vehicle
- \(\upsigma\) :
-
Stress of material (Pa)
- \(\varepsilon\) :
-
Strain of material
- E :
-
Young's modulus (Pa)
- \(v\) :
-
Poisson’s ratio
- \(\uprho\) :
-
Mass density (kg/m3)
- \(l\) :
-
Length (m)
- \(\updelta\) :
-
Linear movement (m)
- \(\uptheta\) :
-
Angular movement (rad)
- A:
-
Area (m2)
- \(P\) :
-
Concentrated load (N)
- M :
-
Moment (N m)
- \(m\) :
-
Mass (kg)
- C:
-
Cement
- S:
-
Sand
- G:
-
Stone
- W:
-
Water
- F:
-
The dimension of the force
- L:
-
The dimension of the length
- T:
-
The tractive force from the loading device
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Acknowledgements
We thank **nghua Zhu, Juting Zhang, Wenfang Zhang, and other laboratory colleagues for assisting to complete the physical model test. We want to thank the editors and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the quality of the article.
Funding
This research is supported by two projects “Studies on spatial–temporal differences in large accumulation landslide deformation and its vulnerability model for buildings in the Three Gorges reservoir” (Grant No. 41877525) and “Study on the dynamic response of the quantitative vulnerability of buildings in different evolution stages of landslides” (Grant No. 41601563), both of which are financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The first author (Grant No. 202106410017) is supported by China Scholarship Council (CSC) as a visiting Ph.D. student at the University of Alberta, Canada, under Dr. Renato Macciotta’s supervision.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. LC and LG designed the physical model test plan. The test material preparation, data collection, and field work were performed by QC, YZ and YL. And QC carried out the analysis of the test data. KY and LC supervised the research. The first draft of the manuscript was written by QC, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. RM and LC revised and improved this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, Q., Chen, L., Macciotta, R. et al. Experimental investigation of masonry building damage caused by surface tension cracks on slow-moving landslides. Nat Hazards 119, 1193–1221 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06141-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06141-4