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Survey of imperceptible and robust digital audio watermarking systems

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Abstract

Robustness, imperceptibility and embedding capacity are the preliminary requirements of any digital audio watermarking technique. However, research has concluded that these requirements are difficult to achieve at the same time. Thus, the watermarking technique is closely dependent on the solution that manages the robustness / imperceptibility trade-off. A large majority of research work has been devoted to improving this trade-off by implementing increasingly advanced techniques. For conciseness and efficiency, the comprehensive review reported in this paper mainly considers the following aspects imperceptibility and robustness among the criteria, as they determine the key performance of most existing audio watermarking systems. In this paper we have introduce the basic concepts of digital audio watermarking, the performance characteristics, and a classification of digital audio watermarking systems according to the extraction/detection process or to human perception. We have also presented various digital audio watermarking applications. Further, we have presented classifications of unintentional and intentional attacks that can be performed on audio watermarking systems and we have highlighted the impact of these attacks on the watermarked audio quality. We have presented two classifications made by researchers, the first one categorizes these attacks into basic and advanced attacks, while the second one classifies the attacks by group according to the process performed on the watermarked audio file. Furthermore, after presenting an overview of the properties of the Human Auditory System (HAS), we have presented several evaluation aspects of audio watermarking systems and we have reviewed various recent robust and imperceptible audio watermarking methods in the spatial, transform and hybrid domains.

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Notes

  1. In 1883, Auguste Kerckhoffs enunciated the first principles of cryptographic engineering, in which he advises that we assume the method used to encipher data is known to the opponent, so security must lie only in the choice of key. The history of cryptology since then has repeatedly shown the folly of ‘security-by-obscurity’ – the assumption that the enemy will remain ignorant of the system in use.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology Laboratory (LINATI), University of Kasdi Merbah, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria

    Euschi Salah & Amine Khaldi

  2. Electronics Department, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Laboratories of Automation and Signals of Annaba (LASA), Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, 23000, Annaba, Algeria

    Zermi Narima

  3. Department of Electronics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Electrical Engineering Laboratory, University of Kasdi Merbah, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria

    Kafi Med Redouane

Authors
  1. Euschi Salah
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  2. Zermi Narima
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  3. Amine Khaldi
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  4. Kafi Med Redouane
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Correspondence to Amine Khaldi.

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Salah, E., Narima, Z., Khaldi, A. et al. Survey of imperceptible and robust digital audio watermarking systems. Multimed Tools Appl (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-024-18969-4

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