Log in

A survey on digital image forensic methods based on blind forgery detection

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the current digital era, images have become one of the key channels for communication and information. There are multiple platforms where digital images are used as an essential identity, like social media platforms, chat applications, electronic and print media, medical science, forensics and criminal investigation, the court of law, and many more. Alternation of digital images becomes easy because multiple image editing software applications are accessible freely on the internet. These modified images can create severe problems in the field where the correctness of the image is essential. In such situations, the authenticity of the digital images from the bare eye is almost impossible. To prove the validity of the digital images, we have only one option: Digital Image Forensics (DIF). This study reviewed various image forgery and image forgery detection methods based on blind forgery detection techniques mainly. We describe the essential components of these approaches, as well as the datasets used to train and verify them. Performance analysis of these methods on various metrics is also discussed here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

No additional data or material has been used for this work other than the referenced papers.

Code Availability

No code has been developed by the authors for this work.

References

  1. Jana M, Jana B, Joardar S (2022) Local feature based self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for tampered detection and recovery utilizing AMBTC with fuzzy logic, J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci, no. xxxx, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.12.011

  2. Raju PM, Nair MS (2018) Copy-move forgery detection using binary discriminant features. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 34(2):165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sekhar PC, Shankar TN (2023) An object-based splicing forgery detection using multiple noise features. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16534-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Verma M, Singh D (2023) Survey on image copy-move forgery detection. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16455-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sushir RD, Wakde DG, Bhutada SS (2023) Enhanced blind image forgery detection using an accurate deep learning based hybrid DCCAE and ADFC. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15475-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Abir NAM, Warif NBA, Zainal N (2023) An automatic enhanced filters with frequency-based copy-move forgery detection for social media images. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15506-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Li Q, Wang C, Zhou X, Qin Z (2022) Image copy-move forgery detection and localization based on super-BPD segmentation and DCNN. Sci Rep 12(1):14987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19325-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ferreira WD, Ferreira CBR, da Cruz Júnior G, Soares F (2020) A review of digital image forensics, Comput Electr Eng, vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106685

  9. Dhanaraj RS, Sridevi M (2021) A study on detection of copy-move forgery in digital images, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks, ICICV 2021, pp. 900–905. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICV50876.2021.9388576

  10. Uma S, Sathya PD (2019) A detailed review of copy-move forgery detection in digital image. Glob J Eng Sci Res. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2537823

  11. Ansari MD, Ghrera SP, Tyagi V (Jan.2014) Pixel-based image forgery detection: A review. IETE J Educ 55(1):40–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09747338.2014.921415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. What is Photo Retouching? Why It’s So Important to Retouch. https://www.imaginated.com/photography/photography-glossary/what-is-photo-retouching/ (accessed Sep. 20, 2022)

  13. AlZahir S, Hammad R (2020) Image forgery detection using image similarity. Multimed Tools Appl 79(39–40):28643–28659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09502-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rajput A (2018) Image Splicing | Set 1 (Introduction) - GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/image-splicing-set-1-introduction/ (accessed Sep. 20, 2022)

  15. Koul S, Kumar M, Khurana SS, Mushtaq F, Kumar K (2022) An efficient approach for copy-move image forgery detection using convolution neural network. Multimed Tools Appl 81(8):11259–11277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-11974-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Meena KB, Tyagi V (2023) Image splicing forgery detection using noise level estimation. Multimed Tools Appl 82(9):13181–13198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11483-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kaur N, **dal N, Singh K (2020) A passive approach for the detection of splicing forgery in digital images. Multimed Tools Appl 79(43–44):32037–32063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09275-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kaur A, Rani J (2016) Digital Image Forgery and Techniques of Forgery Detection: A brief review. International Journal of Technical Research & Science 1(4):18–24

    Google Scholar 

  19. Raja K, Gupta G, Venkatesh S, Ramachandra R, Busch C (2022) Towards generalized morphing attack detection by learning residuals. Image Vis Comput 126:104535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2022.104535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Image Processing : Morphing (1997) https://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec539/Projects97/morphjrks/morph.html (accessed Sep. 20, 2022)

  21. Thakur T, Singh K, Yadav A (2018) Blind Approach for Digital Image Forgery Detection. Int J Comput Appl 179(10):34–42. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018916108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hegazi A, Taha A, Selim MM (2021) An improved copy-move forgery detection based on density-based clustering and guaranteed outlier removal. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 33(9):1055–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Vijayalakshmi NVSK, Sasikala KJ, Shanmuganathan C (2023) Copy-paste forgery detection using deep learning with error level analysis, Multimed Tools Appl, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15594-5

  24. Yang B, Li Z, Zhang T (2020) A real-time image forensics scheme based on multi-domain learning. J Real-Time Image Process 17(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-019-00893-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Liu K et al (2019) Copy move forgery detection based on keypoint and patch match. Multimed Tools Appl 78(22):31387–31413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-07930-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Liu G, Reda FA, Shih KJ, Wang TC, Tao A, Catanzaro B (2018) Image inpainting for irregular holes using partial convolutions. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp 85–100

  27. Zanardelli M, Guerrini F, Leonardi R, Adami N (2023) Image forgery detection: a survey of recent deep-learning approaches. Multimed Tools Appl 82(12):17521–17566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13797-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. He L, Qiang Z, Shao X, Lin H, Wang M, Dai F (2022) Research on High-Resolution Face Image Inpainting Method Based on StyleGAN. Electron 11(10):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Qiao T, Zhu A, Retraint F (2018) Exposing image resampling forgery by using linear parametric model. Multimed Tools Appl 77(2):1501–1523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4314-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Alamro L, Yusoff N (2017) Copy-move forgery detection using integrated DWT and SURF. J Telecommun Electron Comput Eng 9(1–2):67–71

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sharma P, Kumar M, Sharma H (2022) Comprehensive analyses of image forgery detection methods from traditional to deep learning approaches: an evaluation. Multimed Tools Appl 82(12):18117–18150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13808-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Koundinya Anjan K, Sunanda D, Mahesh G, Sneha S (2022) Characteristic overview of digital image forensics tools. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Trends in Machine Learning, IoT, Smart Cities and Applications: ICMISC 2021. Springer, pp 157–162

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  33. Hosny KM, Mortda AM, Fouda MM, Lashin NA (2022) An efficient cnn model to detect copy-move image forgery. IEEE Access 10:48622–48632. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3172273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fadhil JM, Trupti B (2022) An efficient technique for image forgery detection using local binary pattern (hessian and center symmetric) and transformation method. Scientific Journal Al-Imam University College 1:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  35. Manna N, Kumar S, Kakar R, Nayak S, Rout JK, Kumar Balabantaray B (2022) IFChatbot: Convolutional Neural Network based chatbot for Image Forgery Detection and Localization, in 2022 IEEE India Council International Subsections Conference (INDISCON), pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDISCON54605.2022.9862926

  36. Alhaidery MMA, Taherinia AH (2022) A passive image forensic scheme based on an adaptive and hybrid techniques. Multimed Tools Appl 81(9):12681–12699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12374-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Kadam K, Ahirrao S, Kotecha K (2021) AHP validated literature review of forgery type dependent passive image forgery detection with explainable AI. Int J Electr Comput Eng 11(5):4489–4501. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4489-4501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sai Achyuth P, Satyanarayana V (2021) Image forgery detection techniques: a brief review. In: Proceedings of Second International Conference in Mechanical and Energy Technology: ICMET 2021, India. Springer, pp 351–357

  39. Subramanian N, Elharrouss O, Al-Maadeed S, Bouridane A (2021) Image Steganography: A Review of the Recent Advances. IEEE Access 9:23409–23423. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3053998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Bansal A, Kumar V (2021) Steganography Technique Inspired by Rook, https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/IJISP.2021040103, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 53–67, https://doi.org/10.4018/IJISP.2021040103

  41. Bansal A, Muttoo SK, Kumar V (2016) Security against Sample Pair Steganalysis in Eight Queens Data Hiding Technique. Int J Comput Netw Inf Secur 8(8):39–46. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2016.08.05

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Begum M, Uddin MS (2020) Digital image watermarking techniques: A review, Information (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 2. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11020110

  43. Ray A, Roy S (2020) Recent trends in image watermarking techniques for copyright protection: a survey. Int J Multimed Inf Retr 9(4):249–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13735-020-00197-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Parveen A, Khan ZH, Ahmad SN (2019) Block-based copy–move image forgery detection using DCT. Iran J Comput Sci 2(2):89–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42044-019-00029-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Meena KB, Tyagi V (2021) Efficient Passive Forgery Detection in Digital Images, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna, [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/338230. Accessed 25/09/2023

  46. Liu Y, Zou Z, Yang Y, Law NFB, Bharath AA (2021) Efficient source camera identification with diversity-enhanced patch selection and deep residual prediction. Sensors 21(14):1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang B, Wang Y, Hou J, Li Y, Guo Y (2022) Open-Set source camera identification based on envelope of data clustering optimization (EDCO). Comput Secur, vol. 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102571

  48. Shukla DK, Bansal A, Singh P (2022) Performance analysis of various copy-move forgery detection methods. i-Manager’s Journal on Digital Signal Processing 10(2):1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Tahaoglu G, Ulutas G, Ustubioglu B, Nabiyev VV (2021) Improved copy move forgery detection method via L*a*b* color space and enhanced localization technique. Multimed Tools Appl 80(15):23419–23456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-10241-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Wei H, Kehtarnavaz N (2019) Semi-Supervised Faster RCNN-Based Person Detection and Load Classification for Far Field Video Surveillance. Mach Learn Knowl Extr 1(3):756–767. https://doi.org/10.3390/make1030044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Obeidat AA (2017) Hybrid approach for botnet detection using k-means and k-medoids with Hopfield neural network. Int J Commun Networks Inf Secur 9(3):305–313

    Google Scholar 

  52. Alhaidery MMA, Taherinia AH, Yazdi HS (2022) Cloning detection scheme based on linear and curvature scale space with new false positive removal filters. Multimed Tools Appl 81(6):8745–8766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12237-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Fanfani M, Piva A, Colombo C (2022) PRNU registration under scale and rotation transform based on convolutional neural networks. Pattern Recognit 124:108413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2021.108413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Behare MS, Bhalchandra AS, Kumar R (2019) Source Camera Identification using Photo Response Noise Uniformity, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electronics and Communication and Aerospace Technology, ICECA 2019, pp. 731–734. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECA.2019.8822212

  55. Flor E, Aygun R, Mercan S, Akkaya K (2021) PRNU-based Source Camera Identification for Multimedia Forensics, Proc. - 2021 IEEE 22nd Int. Conf. Inf. Reuse Integr. Data Sci. IRI 2021, pp. 168–175, https://doi.org/10.1109/IRI51335.2021.00029

  56. Xu B, Wang X, Zhou X, ** J, Wang S (2016) Source camera identification from image texture features. Neurocomputing 207:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Grossberg MD, Nayar SK (2003) Determining the camera response from images: What is knowable?, IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell, vol. 25, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2003.1240119

  58. Chen C, McCloskey S, Yu J (2019) Analyzing modern camera response functions, in Proceedings - 2019 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2019, Mar, pp. 1961–1969. https://doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2019.00213

  59. Sadeghi S, Dadkhah S, Jalab HA, Mazzola G, Uliyan D (2018) State of the art in passive digital image forgery detection: copy-move image forgery. Pattern Anal Appl 21(2):291–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-017-0678-8

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  60. Meena KB, Tyagi V (2020) A hybrid copy-move image forgery detection technique based on Fourier-Mellin and scale invariant feature transforms. Multimed Tools Appl 79(11–12):8197–8212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08343-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Badr A, Youssif A, Wafi M (2020) A robust copy-move forgery detection in digital image forensics using SURF. In: 2020 8th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS). IEEE, pp 1–6

  62. Introduction to Frequency domain (2022) https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dip/introduction_to_frequency_domain.htm (accessed Sep. 19, 2022)

  63. Ashraf R et al. (2020) An Efficient Forensic Approach for Copy-move Forgery Detection via Discrete Wavelet Transform,” 1st Annu Int Conf Cyber Warf Secur ICCWS 2020 - Proc, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCWS48432.2020.9292372

  64. Pourkashani A, Shahbahrami A, Akoushideh A (2021) Copy-move forgery detection using convolutional neural network and K-mean clustering. Int J Electr Comput Eng 11(3):2604–2612. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2604-2612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Jaiswal AK, Gupta D, Srivastava R (2020) Detection of copy-move forgery using hybrid approach of DCT and BRISK. In: 2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN). IEEE, pp 471–476

  66. Kanwal N, Girdhar A, Kaur L, Bhullar JS (2019) Detection of digital image forgery using fast fourier transform and local features. In: 2019 international conference on automation, computational and technology management (ICACTM). IEEE, pp 262–267

  67. Hashmi MF, Keskar AG (2019) Fast and robust copy-move forgery detection using wavelet transforms and SURF. Int Arab J Inf Technol 16(2):304–311

    Google Scholar 

  68. Luo Q, Su J, Yang C, Silven O, Liu L (2022) Scale-selective and noise-robust extended local binary pattern for texture classification. Pattern Recognit 132:108901. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PATCOG.2022.108901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Farooq S, Yousaf MH, Hussain F (2017) A generic passive image forgery detection scheme using local binary pattern with rich models. Comput Electr Eng 62:459–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.05.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Nsang AS, Bello AM, Shamsudeen H (2015) Image reduction using assorted dimensionality reduction techniques. CEUR Workshop Proc 1353(June):139–146

    Google Scholar 

  71. Chen H, Yang X, Lyu Y (2020) Copy-move forgery detection based on keypoint clustering and similar neighborhood search algorithm. IEEE Access 8:36863–36875. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2974804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Mursi MFM, Salama MM, Habeb MH (2017) An Improved SIFT-PCA-Based Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection Method. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci Electron Eng 6(3):23–28

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mishra M, Chandra Adhikary M, Adhikary FMLt C (2014) Detection of Clones in Digital Images Digital Image Forgery Detection View project MAKE-meteorological analyser & knowledge extractor View project Detection of Clones in Digital Images. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264276516. Accessed 15/07/22

  74. Jain I, Goel N (2021) Advancements in image splicing and copy-move forgery detection techniques: A survey, Proc Conflu 2021 11th Int Conf Cloud Comput Data Sci Eng, pp. 470–475, https://doi.org/10.1109/Confluence51648.2021.9377104

  75. Rao Y, Ni J, Zhao H (2020) Deep Learning Local Descriptor for Image Splicing Detection and Localization. IEEE Access 8:25611–25625. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2970735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Ahmed B, Gulliver TA, S. alZahir (2020) Image splicing detection using mask-RCNN. Signal, Image Video Process 14(5):1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-020-01636-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Jaiswal AK, Srivastava R (2020) A technique for image splicing detection using hybrid feature set. Multimed Tools Appl 79(17–18):11837–11860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08480-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Jaiswal AK, Srivastava R (2019) Image Splicing Detection using Deep Residual Network. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3351072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Bibi S, Abbasi A, Haq IU, Baik SW, Ullah A (2021) Digital Image Forgery Detection Using Deep Autoencoder and CNN Features, Human-centric Comput Inf Sci, vol. 11, https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2021.11.032

  80. Abdalla Y, Tariq Iqbal M, Shehata M (2019) Copy-move forgery detection and localization using a generative adversarial network and convolutional neural-network, Inf, vol. 10, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.3390/info10090286

  81. Abdalla Y, Iqbal MT, Shehata M (2019) Convolutional neural network for copy-move forgery detection. Symmetry 11(10):1280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Goel N, Kaur S, Bala R (2021) Dual branch convolutional neural network for copy move forgery detection, no. December 2020, pp. 656–665, https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.12051

  83. Lee SI, Park JY, Eom IK (2022) CNN-Based Copy-Move Forgery Detection Using Rotation-Invariant Wavelet Feature. IEEE Access 10(October):106217–106229. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3212069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Yogita S, Prashant S, Rawat CSD (2023) Image forgery detection using integrated convolution-LSTM (2D) and convolution (2D). International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research (IJEER) 11(2):631–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Maleve N (2019) An Introduction to Image Datasets | u n t h i n k i n g . p h o t o g r a p h y. https://unthinking.photography/articles/an-introduction-to-image-datasets (accessed Sep. 20, 2022)

  86. Sovathana P (2018) Casia dataset | Kaggle. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/sophatvathana/casia-dataset (accessed Sep. 02, 2022)

  87. Goel D (2020) CASIA 2.0 Image Tampering Detection Dataset | Kaggle. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/divg07/casia-20-image-tampering-detection-dataset (accessed Sep. 02, 2022)

  88. Ng T-T, Chang S-F, Sun Q (2004) A data set of authentic and spliced image blocks. In: ADVENT Technical Report, vol 4. Columbia University

  89. Niyishaka P, Bhagvati C (2020) Copy-move forgery detection using image blobs and BRISK feature. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09225-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Tralic D, Zupancic I, Grgic S, Grgic M (2013) CoMoFoD—New database for copy-move forgery detection. In: Proceedings ELMAR-2013. IEEE, pp 49–54

  91. CoMoFoD (2013) https://www.vcl.fer.hr/comofod/ (accessed Sep. 02, 2022)

  92. Soni B, Das PK, Thounaojam DM (2018) multiCMFD: fast and efficient system for multiple copy-move forgeries detection in image. In: Proceedings of the 2018 international conference on image and graphics processing, pp 53–58

  93. Elaskily MA et al (2020) A novel deep learning framework for copy-moveforgery detection in images. Multimed Tools Appl 79(27–28):19167–19192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-08751-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Sadeghi S, Jalab HA, Wong K, Uliyan D, Dadkhah S (2017) Keypoint based authentication and localization of copy-move forgery in digital image. Malaysian J Comput Sci 30(2):117–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhou X (2018) An image copy-move forgery detection scheme based on A-KAZE and SURF features. Symmetry (Basel) 10(12):1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10120706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Silva E, Carvalho T, Ferreira A, Rocha A (2015) Going deeper into copy-move forgery detection: Exploring image telltales via multi-scale analysis and voting processes. J Vis Commun Image Represent 29:16–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.01.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Al-Qershi OM, Khoo BE (2018) Evaluation of copy-move forgery detection: datasets and evaluation metrics. Multimed Tools Appl 77(24):31807–31833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6201-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Gloe T, Böhme R (2010) The dresden image database for benchmarking digital image forensics. J Digit Forensic Pract 3(2–4):150–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567281.2010.531500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets (n.d.) https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html (accessed Sep. 19, 2023)

  100. Ardizzone E, Bruno A, Mazzola G (2015) Copy-move forgery detection by matching triangles of keypoints, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur, vol. 10, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2015.2445742

  101. Wen B, Zhu Y, Subramanian R, Ng TT, Shen X, Winkler S (2016) Coverage – a novel database for copy-move forgery detection. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp 161–165. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2016.7532339

  102. Image Manipulation Dataset (n.d.) https://www5.cs.fau.de/research/data/image-manipulation/ (accessed Sep. 19, 2023)

  103. MNIST - Machine Learning Datasets (n.d.) https://datasets.activeloop.ai/docs/ml/datasets/mnist/ (accessed Sep. 25, 2023)

Download references

Acknowledgements

I am (Deependra Kumar Shukla) grateful to the UGC and the Government of India for granting me the UGC- (JRF/SRF) fellowship, which enables me to pursue my research endeavors.

Funding

No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

The authors contributed equally to this work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pawan Singh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shukla, D.K., Bansal, A. & Singh, P. A survey on digital image forensic methods based on blind forgery detection. Multimed Tools Appl (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-18090-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-18090-y

Keywords

Navigation