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Geometric transformations parameters estimation from copy-move forgery using image blobs and keypoints

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Abstract

A copy-move forgery is a passive tampering wherein one or more regions have been copied and pasted within the same image. Often, geometric transformations, including scale, rotation, and rotation+scale are applied to the forged areas to conceal the counterfeits to the copy-move forgery detection methods. Recently, copy-move forgery detection using image blobs have been used to tackle the limitation of the existing detection methods. However, the main limitation of blobs-based copy-move forgery detection methods is the inability to perform the geometric transformation estimation. To tackle the above-mentioned limitation, this article presents a technique that detects copy-move forgery and estimates the geometric transformation parameters between the authentic region and its duplicate using image blobs and scale-rotation invariant keypoints. The proposed algorithm involves the following steps: image blobs are found in the image being analyzed; scale-rotation invariant features are extracted; the keypoints that are located within the same blob are identified; feature matching is performed between keypoints that are located within different blobs to find similar features; finally, the blobs with matched keypoints are post-processed and a 2D affine transformations is computed to estimate the geometric transformation parameters. Our technique is flexible and can easily take in various scale-rotation invariant keypoints including AKAZE, ORB, BRISK, SURF, and SIFT to enhance the effectiveness. The proposed algorithm is implemented and evaluated on images forged with copy-move regions combined with geometric transformation from standard datasets. The experimental results indicate that the new algorithm is effective for geometric transformation parameters estimation.

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  1. University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India

    Niyishaka Patrick & Chakravarthy Bhagvati

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  1. Niyishaka Patrick
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  2. Chakravarthy Bhagvati
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Patrick, N., Bhagvati, C. Geometric transformations parameters estimation from copy-move forgery using image blobs and keypoints. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 1953–1969 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11642-0

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