Log in

Depression and Its Influencing Factors Among Mothers of Children with Birth Defects in China

  • Published:
Maternal and Child Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Families of children affected by birth defects suffer from a significant psychological burden across the lifespan, but there have been few studies on this topic in China. Our goal was to assess depression among mothers of children with birth defects (MCBD) and to explore factors influencing depression among MCBD in China. A total of 154 mothers of affected children aged 0–3 years old (MCBD) and 321 mothers of healthy children (MHC) in the same age range took part in the study. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to assess maternal depression, and logistic regression models were used to explore the factors influencing depression among MCBD. MCBD were more depressed than MHC and birth defects were associated with maternal depression after demographic variables were controlled. Poverty was the most important predictor of depression among MCBD. Appropriate interventions for depressed mothers are essential and should focus on poor families.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Christianson, A., & Modell, B. (2004). Medical genetics in develo** countries. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 5, 219–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. WHO. (2000). Primary health care approaches for prevention and control of congenital and genetic disorders. Report of a WHO Meeting, Cairo, Egypt, 6–8 December, 1999. Geneva: World Health Organization.

  3. Tang, G. Z. (2001). Analysis of the situation and interventions of birth defects in China. Maternal and Child Health Care of China, 16(7), 408–409. in Chinese.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Waitzman, N. J., Scheffler, R. M., & Romano, P. S. (1996). The cost of birth defects: Estimates of the value of prevention. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Liang, D. M., & Tian, C. Y. (2004). Analysis of influential factors of birth defects and policy to reduce birth defects. Maternal and Child Health Care of China, 19(4), 4–5. in Chinese.

    Google Scholar 

  6. O’Hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(1), 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bernazzani, O., & Bifulco, A. (2003). Motherhood as a vulnerability factor in major depression: The role of negative pregnancy experiences. Social Science and Medicine, 56(6), 1249–1260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ireys, H. T., & Silver, E. J. (1996). Perception of the impact of a child’s chronic illness: Does it predict maternal mental health? Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 17(2), 77–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cadman, D., Rosenbaum, P., Boyle, M., & Offord, D. R. (1991). Children with chronic illness: Family and parent demographic characteristics and psychosocial adjustment. Pediatrics, 87(6), 884–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jessop, D. J., Riessman, C. K., & Stein, R. E. (1988). Chronic childhood illness and maternal mental health. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 9(3), 147–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kronenberger, W. G., & Thompson, R. J. (1992). Psychological adaptation of mothers of children with spina bifida: Association with dimensions of social relationships. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17(1), 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Martinson, I. M., Davis, A. J., Liu-Chiang, C. Y., & Yi-Hua, L. (1995). Chinese mothers’ reaction to their child’s chronic illness. Health Care for Women International, 16(4), 365–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Weiss, S. J. (1991). Personality adjustment and social support of parents who care for children with pervasive developmental disorders. Archives of Psychiatry Nursing, 5(1), 25–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Krulik, T., Turner-Henson, A., Kanematsu, Y., Al-Ma’aitah, R., Swan, J., & Holaday, B. (1999). Parenting stress and mothers of young children with chronic illness: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 14(2), 130–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Uzark, K., & Jones, K. (2003). Parenting stress and children with heart disease. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 17(4), 163–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lawoko, S., & Soares, J. J. F. (2002). Distress and hopelessness among parents of children with congenital heart disease, parents of children with other diseases, and parents of healthy children. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(4), 193–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lawoko, S., & Soares, J. J. F. (2003). Quality of life among parents of children with congenital heart disease, parents of children with other disease and parents of healthy children. Quality of Life Research, 12(6), 655–666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES–D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Cheung, C. K., & Bagley, C. (1998). Validating an American scale in Hong Kong: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Journal of Psychology, 132(2), 169–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang, J., & Norvilitis, J. M. (2002). Measuring Chinese psychological wellbeing with Western developed instruments. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(3), 492–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang, M. Y. (1993). Handbook of rating scales in psychiatry. Changsha, China: Hunan Science and Technology Press. in Chinese.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Banister, J., & Hill, K. (2004). Mortality in China 1964–2000. Population Studies, 58(1), 55–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cook, I. G., & Dummer, T. J. B. (2004). Changing health in China: Re-evaluating the epidemiological transition model. Health Policy, 67(3), 329–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zheng, X. Y. (2001). Thinking and recommendation of implementing strategic interventions to birth defects. Chinese Journal of Family Planning, 2, 77–80. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Christianson, A., Howson, C. P., & Modell, B. (2006). March of Dimes global report on birth defects—the hidden toll of dying and disabled children. White Plains, New York: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Patel, V., Araya, R., de Lima, M., Ludermir, A., & Todd, C. (1999). Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Social Science and Medicine, 49(11), 1461–1471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Patel, V., Abas, M., Broadhead, J., Todd, C., & Reeler, A. (2001). Depression in develo** countries: Lessons from Zimbabwe. British Medical Journal, 322, 482–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Patel, V., Rodrigues, M., & DeSouza, N. (2002). Gender, poverty, and postnatal depression: A study of mothers in Goa, India. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 43–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Patel, V., Kirkwood, B. R., Pednekar, S., Weiss, H., & Mabey, D. (2006). Risk factors for common mental disorders in women: Population-based longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 547–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Belle, D., & Doucet, J. (2003). Poverty, inequality, and discrimination as sources of depression among U.S. women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27(2), 101–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Singer, L. T., Salvator, A., Guo, S. Y., Collin, M., Lilien, L., & Baley, J. (1999). Maternal psychological distress and parenting stress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. JAMA, 281(9), 799–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tommiska, V., Őstberg, M., & Fellman, V. (2002). Parental stress in families of two years old extremely low birthweight infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 86(3), 161–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Beck, C. T. (1998). The effects of postpartum depression on child development: A meta-analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 12(1), 12–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(1), 73–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Murray, L., & Cooper, P. J. (1997). Postnatal depression and child development. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 253–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Petterson, S. M., & Albers, A. B. (2001). Effects of poverty and maternal depression on early child development. Child Development, 72(6), 1794–1813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the Chinese National “973” project on Population and Health (No. 2001CB5103), National Yang Zi Scholar Program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to **aoying Zheng.

Additional information

**nming Song, Ning Li, and Jufen Liu made equal contributions to this paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Song, X., Li, N., Liu, J. et al. Depression and Its Influencing Factors Among Mothers of Children with Birth Defects in China. Matern Child Health J 16, 1–6 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0708-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0708-2

Keywords

Navigation