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Effects of Metal Ions and Substituents on HOMO–LUMO Gap Evident from UV–Visible and Fluorescence Spectra of Anthracene Derivatives

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Abstract

Controlled intake of complex metal cations and anions in the human body and other biological systems is essential for the health and well-being of the environment. Anthracene and anthracene derivatives are the most widely used sensors for this purpose. Because of their convenience, better detection and results are preferred over colorimetric sensors, which offer better color detection by the naked eye. This review article will present different designs of chemosensors using fluorescence and UV–visible spectroscopy to determine different ions. Density functional theory and Austin model 1 are widely used for theoretical and computational studies of the energy levels of molecules. The Indo/Cis method is used to calculate the geometries of anthracene oligomers. A novel anthracene-based fluorescent probe containing the benzothiazole group BFA was highly sensitive and selective toward trivalent cations (Cr3+ and Fe3+). This sensor is not sensitive to other ions, including Aluminum trivalent ions. (N- ((anthracen-9-yl) methyl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) pyridin-2-amine) has been designed to detect zinc and copper. Click chemistry using photodimerization can be used to form cellulose nanoparticles. TEMPO-mediated hypohalite oxidation converts hydroxyl groups to carboxylic groups. Amide linkage formation between amine and carboxylic acid was followed by the installation of an alkyne group. Copper (I)-catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) was used to produce highly photoresponsive and fluorescent cellulose nanoparticles by using coumarin, anthracene, and generated nanomaterials. The effects of naphthalene and phenanthrene on the spectra of anthracene were determined in a dilute solution. Temperature and solvent effects introduce different changes in fluorescence, emission, and absorption bands, leading to some changes in the configuration of anthracene. The solvent and temperature effects on variations of emission maxima of exciplex anthracene—diethylaniline (DEA) are also discussed.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Sana Islam & Sadia Asim

  2. Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Asim Mansha

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  1. Sana Islam
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Contributions

Concept and design of this article is collective contribution of all authors. They all read and approve the final manuscript of this research article. Sana Islam along with Sadia Asim plays a vital role in collecting data regarding the effect of substitutions, solvents and metal ions on HOMO–LUMO gap of Anthracene. Use of these derivatives as Chemosensors, Biosensors, Metal ions detectors, Voltammetric sensors was collected by Sadia Asim and Asim Mansha. The first draft of manuscript was written by Sana Islam which was later refined by Sadia Asim and Asim Mansha.

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Islam, S., Mansha, A. & Asim, S. Effects of Metal Ions and Substituents on HOMO–LUMO Gap Evident from UV–Visible and Fluorescence Spectra of Anthracene Derivatives. J Fluoresc (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-023-03482-y

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