SpringerLink
Log in

Synergistic effect of Mill scale and MoS2 in geopolymer composites for EMI shielding application

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study reports the development of a synergistic composition of geopolymer for EMI shielding building material using micron-sized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as an electrically conductive filler and Mill scale as a magnetic filler. The use of Mill scale allows reutilization of industry waste and provides a saturation magnetization of 22 emu \({\mathrm{g}}^{-1}\). The filler content was varied up to 50 wt% and geopolymer composites were tested for EMI shielding effectiveness as per ASTM-D4395, electrical conductivity, and saturation magnetization. Simultaneous use of both fillers helps achieving a synergistic effect and yielding an EMI shielding effectiveness of 65 dB over 24 dB and 20 dB best obtained with only Mill scale and MoS2, respectively. To evaluate the functionality of these geopolymer composites as building materials, composites were evaluated as per ASTM-C109 and were found to qualify the prescribed standards for compressive strength. The results show the feasibility of achieving practically relevant EMI shielding geopolymer building materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig.6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to competing financial interests but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. M.T. Ali, Y.R. Muhsen, R.F. Chisab, S.N. Abed, Evaluation study of radio frequency radiation effects from cell phone towers on human health. Radioelectron. Commun. Syst. 64(3), 155–164 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0735272721030055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. R. Sharma, W. Clower, S. Amritphale, S. Alam, J. Matthews, A.D. Radadia, Development of geopolymer composites for EMI shielding from steel industry waste. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07674-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Ozturk, T. Depci, E. Bahceci, M. Karaaslan, O. Akgol, U.K. Sevim, Production of new electromagnetic wave shielder mortar using waste mill scales. Constr. Build. Mater. 242, 118028 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Prasad et al., Molybdenum disulfide-wrapped carbon nanotube-reduced graphene oxide (CNT/MoS2-rGO) nanohybrids for excellent and fast removal of electromagnetic interference pollution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(36), 40828–40837 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. G.E. Yakovleva, A.S. Berdinsky, A.I. Romanenko, S.P. Khabarov, V.E. Fedorov, The conductivity and TEMF of MoS2 with Mo2S3 additive, in 2015 38th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), (2015) pp. 12–14, https://doi.org/10.1109/MIPRO.2015.7160229.

  6. J. Zhang et al., magnetic molybdenum disulfide nanosheet films. Nano Lett. 7(8), 2370–2376 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl071016r

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Y.-J. Tan et al., Comparative study on solid and hollow glass microspheres for enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding in polydimethylsiloxane/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Compos. B Eng. 177, 107378 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S.S. Amritphale, D. Mishra, M. Mudgal, R.K. Chouhan, N. Chandra, A novel green approach for making hybrid inorganic- organic geopolymeric cementitious material utilizing fly ash and rice husk. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4(4), 3856–3865 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.08.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. V. Noval Lara, J. Carriazo, Fe3O4-TiO2 and Fe3O4-SiO2 core-shell powders synthesized from industrially processed magnetite (Fe3O4) microparticles. Mater. Res. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2018-0660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Hanjitsuwan, P. Chindaprasirt, K. Pimraksa, Electrical conductivity and dielectric property of fly ash geopolymer pastes. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 18(1), 94–99 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-011-0406-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Valente, C. De Ruijter, D. Vlasveld, S. Van Der Zwaag, P. Groen, Setup for EMI shielding effectiveness tests of electrically conductive polymer composites at frequencies up to 3.0 GHz. IEEE Access 5, 16665–16675 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2741527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. T. Letertre, P. Pouliguen, P. Sabouroux, Electromagnetic characteristics measurement setup at variable temperatures using a coaxial cell. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 3646979 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3646979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Prasad, A.K. Singh, A.P. Singh Gahlot, M. Tomar, V. Gupta, K. Singh, Electromagnetic interference shielding properties of hierarchical core-shell palladium-doped MoS2/CNT nanohybrid materials. Ceram. Int. 47(19), 27586–27597 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.06.183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Liu et al., Self-assembled MoS2/magnetic ferrite CuFe2O4 nanocomposite for high-efficiency microwave absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 429, 132253 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Z. Liao et al., MoS2 decorated on one-dimensional MgFe2O4/MgO/C composites for high-performance microwave absorption. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 606, 709–718 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Prasad, A.K. Singh, M. Tomar, V. Gupta, K. Singh, Hydrothermal synthesis of micro-flower like morphology aluminum-doped MoS2/rGO nanohybrids for high efficient electromagnetic wave shielding materials. Ceram. Int. 47(11), 15648–15660 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M.I. Martín, F.A. López, J.M. Torralba, Production of sponge iron powder by reduction of rolling mill scale. Ironmak. Steelmak. 39(3), 155–162 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1179/1743281211Y.0000000078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Weidenfeller, M. Höfer, F. Schilling, Thermal and electrical properties of magnetite filled polymers. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 33(8), 1041–1053 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00085-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. F. Schrettle, C. Kant, P. Lunkenheimer, F. Mayr, J. Deisenhofer, A. Loidl, Wüstite: electric, thermodynamic and optical properties of FeO. Eur. Phys. J. B 85(5), 164 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2012-30201-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Zainuri, Hematite from natural iron stones as microwave absorbing material on X-band frequency ranges. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 196, 12008 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/196/1/012008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. L.-C. Jia et al., Synergistic effect of graphite and carbon nanotubes on improved electromagnetic interference shielding performance in segregated composites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57(35), 11929–11938 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. F. Ren et al., Synergistic effect of graphene nanosheets and carbonyl iron–nickel alloy hybrid filler on electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductivity of cyanate ester composites. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(6), 1476–1486 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. N. Bagotia, V. Choudhary, D.K. Sharma, Synergistic effect of graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrid fillers on mechanical, electrical and EMI shielding properties of polycarbonate/ethylene methyl acrylate nanocomposites. Compos. B Eng. 159, 378–388 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Jakubas, E. Łada-Tondyra, M. Makówka, Ł Suchecki, A study on the possibility of using iron scale in the construction of electromagnetic field shields. Energies (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. G. Bantsis, C. Sikalidis, M. Betsiou, T. Yioultsis, T. Xenos, Electromagnetic absorption, reflection and interference shielding in X-band frequency range of low cost ceramic building bricks and sandwich type ceramic tiles using mill scale waste as an admixture. Ceram. Int. 37, 3535–3545 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.06.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. R.J. Harrison, A. Putnis, Determination of the mechanism of cation ordering in magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4) from the time- and temperature-dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Phys. Chem. Miner. 26(4), 322–332 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002690050192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. I. Ismail, A.H. Abdullah, A.S. Abdul Arifin, I.R. Ibrahim, F.N. Shafiee, R.S. Azis, Phase, morphological, and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles extracted from mill scale waste and its surface modification with CTAB surfactant. J. Aust. Ceram. Soc. 56(2), 729–743 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-019-00391-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Availability of funds from NSF under Cooperative Agreement Number OIA1541079 (CFDA #47.083) through the Louisiana Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) helped to conduct SEM analysis at the Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), one of the Core User Facilities (CUF) under the Charter of the Louisiana State-Wide Consortium for Innovation in Materials Manufacturing (CIMM).

Funding

This work was supported by NSF under co-operative agreement number OIA1541079 (CFDA #47.083) through the Louisiana Experimental program to stimulate competitive research (EPSCoR).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, 911 Hergot Avenue #10137, Ruston, LA, 71270, USA

    Rahul Sharma, William Clower & Adarsh D. Radadia

  2. Trenchless Technology Center (TTC), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA

    Sudhir Amritphale, Shaurav Alam, Stephen Gordon & John Matthews

  3. Department of Mathematics and Physics, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA, 71245, USA

    Naidu Seetala

Authors
  1. Rahul Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Naidu Seetala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William Clower
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sudhir Amritphale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shaurav Alam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Stephen Gordon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. John Matthews
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Adarsh D. Radadia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RS, SA, and AR contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, data collection, and analysis. WC aided in XRD and SEM studies. SA and JM contributed to mechanical testing. SG contributed to electrical conductivity testing. NS contributed to study of magnetic properties. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RS and authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rahul Sharma.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare financial interest and actively pursuing a US patent.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies on animals or human participant performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, R., Seetala, N., Clower, W. et al. Synergistic effect of Mill scale and MoS2 in geopolymer composites for EMI shielding application. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33, 20056–20067 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08823-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08823-4

Search

Navigation