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Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol on ZrO2–TiO2: influence of crystal size, surface area, and energetic states

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Abstract

ZrO2–TiO2 heterostructure with 5 mol% of ZrO2 was synthesized by the sol–gel method and calcined at different temperatures (300–600 °C). The photocatalysts were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, physisorption of N2, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was tested for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol under ultraviolet irradiation, being the materials exhibiting the best performance those calcined at 400 °C and 500 °C with 99% and 98% of degradation, respectively, after 150 min under irradiation. This behavior was related to a smaller crystallite size, higher surface area, and significant hydroxyl radicals produced. The (photo)electrochemical study showed that temperatures of 400 °C and 500 °C also generated an optimum amount of energetic states that act as electron traps and decrease the electron–hole pair recombination, favoring the oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. However, at 300 °C and 600 °C, these energetic states act as an energy barrier that reduces the effective charge transfer and therefore decreases the photocatalytic activity of the materials.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Laboratorio Universitario de Caracterización Espectroscópica (LUCE-UNAM) and Laboratorio Universitario de Nanotecnología Ambiental (LUNA-UNAM) as well as V. Maturano and S. Islas for technical support. We also thank CONACyT for financial support granted through the project CB-2015-01 256410 Synthesis of hybrid Materials. Materials for Alternative energies. SEP-Profides 2018, UANL-UAM.CB-2015-01 256410. D.A. Ramírez Ortega (CVU 329398) thanks CONACyT for post-doctoral grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CONACyT- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Química, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 156, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico

    Diana Guerrero-Araque

  2. Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    David Ramírez-Ortega & Rodolfo Zanella

  3. CONACyT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA Unidad Legaria, 11500, Mexico City, Mexico

    Próspero Acevedo-Peña

  4. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Química, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 156, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico

    Ricardo Gómez

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  1. Diana Guerrero-Araque
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Guerrero-Araque, D., Ramírez-Ortega, D., Acevedo-Peña, P. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol on ZrO2–TiO2: influence of crystal size, surface area, and energetic states. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31, 3332–3341 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-02881-2

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