SpringerLink
Log in

Exploring the electrical performance of advanced and environmental-friendly novel nanomaterial wires in generator winding through finite element analysis

  • Published:
Journal of Computational Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nanocarbon-based materials, including carbon nanotubes, have been considered to replace conventional metals for electrical wires, mainly due to their exceptional properties and the rapid increase in global demand for better electrical energy generation, transmission, and conversion. However, the numerical examination of the performance of the electrical machine with different novel carbon nano-based materials is still challenging. Advanced carbon-based materials are proposed as a hypothetical winding material to initiate discussion and examine potential possibilities. This study thoroughly examines and compares different carbon nanomaterials for winding material in a permanent magnet generator. The generator's performance was investigated for three stator winding materials: carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn, carbon nanotube aluminum composite (Al/CNT), and carbon nanotube copper composite (Cu/CNT). A finite-element model of a machine is used to provide the performance study and focuses on the machine-generated voltages, currents, and efficiencies. The simulation was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The findings illustrate that CNT yarn, Al/CNT, and Cu/CNT composite wire as a winding produces maximum voltages of 15.2, 50.1, and 70 V, respectively, when rotated at 100 rpm. It is observed that the proposed use of carbon nanomaterials is being explored as a possible way to replace the pure metal-based winding of the electrical machine. We conclude that carbon nanotube copper composite wire may be better for winding machine applications than carbon nanotube yarn. These results may be used to design a permanent magnet generator for industrial applications based on their requirements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability statement

The co-author provides some of the data models or algorithms that support this work's findings upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Srivastava, A.K., Basu, S.: Exploring the performance of a dielectric elastomer generator through numerical simulations. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 319 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112401

  2. Seo, S.W., Shin, K.H., Koo, M.M., Hong, K., Yoon, I.J., Choi, J.Y.: Experimentally verifying the generation characteristics of a double-sided linear permanent magnet synchronous generator for Ocean Wave Energy conversion. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2020.2990827

  3. Paulo e Silva, A.G., Basílio Sobrinho, J.M., da Rocha Souto, C., Ries, A., de Castro, A.C.: Design, modelling and experimental analysis of a piezoelectric wind energy generator for low-power applications. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 317 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112462

  4. Vaimann, T., Kallaste, A., Kilk, A., Belahcen, A.: Magnetic properties of reduced Dy NdFeB permanent magnets and their usage in electrical machines. IEEE AFRICON Conf. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/AFRCON.2013.6757787

  5. Bhuiyan, N.A., McDonald, A.: Optimization of offshore direct drive wind turbine generators with consideration of permanent magnet grade and temperature. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 34, 1105–1114 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2018.2879442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cheng, G.G., Jiang, S.Y., Li, X., Li, K., Zhang, Z.Q., Ding, J.N., Wang, Y., Yuan, N.Y.: A contact electrification based wind generator. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 280, 252–260 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.07.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Shin, H.S., DIaz, M.A., Velasco, M., Awaji, S.: Performance Evaluation of Practical REBCO Coated Conductor Tapes for Superconducting Wind Power Coils. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2020.2970383

  8. Sullivan, C.R.: Aluminum windings and other strategies for high-frequency magnetics design in an era of high copper and energy costs. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 23, 2044–2051 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2008.925434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lekawa-Raus, A., Patmore, J., Kurzepa, L., Bulmer, J., Koziol, K.: Electrical properties of carbon nanotube based fibers and their future use in electrical wiring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 3661–3682 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Li, H., Banerjee, K.: High-frequency effects in carbon nanotube interconnects and implications for on-chip inductor design. Tech. Dig. Int. Electron Devices Meet. IEDM. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM.2008.4796741

  11. Haynes, W.M.: CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC press (2014)

  12. Sundaram, R.M., Sekiguchi, A., Sekiya, M., Yamada, T., Hata, K.: Copper/carbon nanotube composites: Research trends and outlook. R. Soc. Open Sci. 5 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180814

  13. Behabtu, N., Young, C.C., Tsentalovich, D.E., Kleinerman, O., Wang, X., Ma, A.W.K., Bengio, E.A., Ter Waarbeek, R.F., De Jong, J.J., Hoogerwerf, R.E., Fairchild, S.B., Ferguson, J.B., Maruyama, B., Kono, J., Talmon, Y., Cohen, Y., Otto, M.J., Pasquali, M.: Strong, light, multifunctional fibers of carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh conductivity. Sci. 339 (80), 182–186 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228061

  14. Kurzepa, L., Lekawa-Raus, A., Patmore, J., Koziol, K.: Replacing copper wires with carbon nanotube wires in electrical transformers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 619–624 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201302497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lekawa-Raus, A., Gizewski, T., Patmore, J., Kurzepa, L., Koziol, K.K.: Electrical transport in carbon nanotube fibres. Scr. Mater. 131, 112–118 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.11.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hassan, A., Abbas, S., Jie, L., Youming, L., Quanfang, C.: Investigation of the Advanced Novel Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Yarn and carbon nanotube aluminum/copper composite windings for a single-phase induction motor. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07060-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hassan, A., Quanfang, C., Abbas, S., Jie, L., Youming, L., Hussain, F.: Comparative thermal analysis of carbon nanotubes and their metal composites with copper and aluminum as winding material in induction motor. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-022-01072-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang, S., Nguyen, N., Leonhardt, B., Jolowsky, C., Hao, A., Park, J.G., Liang, R.: Carbon-Nanotube-Based Electrical Conductors: Fabrication, Optimization, and Applications. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800811

  19. Jarosz, P., Schauerman, C., Alvarenga, J., Moses, B., Mastrangelo, T., Raffaelle, R., Ridgley, R., Landi, B.: Carbon nanotube wires and cables: near-term applications and future perspectives. Nanoscale 3, 4542–4553 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Alvarenga, J.: Carbon nanotube materials for aerospace wiring, Rochester Institute of Technology (2010)

  21. Rallabandi, V., Taran, N., Ionel, D.M., Eastham, J.F.: On the feasibility of carbon nanotube windings for electrical machines—case study for a coreless axial flux motor. ECCE 2016 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. Proc. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2016.7855306

  22. Mceuen, P.L., Fuhrer, M.S., Park, H.: Single-walled carbon nanotube electronics. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 1, 78–85 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lu, W., Zu, M., Byun, J.H., Kim, B.S., Chou, T.W.: State of the art of carbon nanotube fibers: Opportunities and challenges. Adv. Mater. 24, 1805–1833 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hjortstam, O., Isberg, P., Söderholm, S., Dai, H.: Can we achieve ultra-low resistivity in carbon nanotube-based metal composites? Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 78, 1175–1179 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-003-2424-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Li, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Chikkannanavar, S.B., Zhao, Y., Dangelewicz, A.M., Zheng, L., Doorn, S.K., Jia, Q., Peterson, D.E., Arendt, P.N., Zhu, Y.: Structure-dependent electrical properties of carbon nanotube fibers. Adv. Mater. 19, 3358–3363 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Shin, S.E., Choi, H.J., Bae, D.H.: Electrical and thermal conductivities of aluminum-based composites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Compos. Mater. 47, 2249–2256 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998312456891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Liu, Z.Y., **ao, B.L., Wang, W.G., Ma, Z.Y.: Tensile strength and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites fabricated by powder metallurgy combined with friction stir processing. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 30, 649–655 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.04.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Genova, V., Gozzi, D., Latini, A.: High-temperature resistivity of aluminum–carbon nanotube composites. J. Mater. Sci. 50, 7087–7096 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9263-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Subramaniam, C., Yamada, T., Kobashi, K., Sekiguchi, A., Futaba, D.N., Yumura, M., Hata, K.: One hundred fold increase in current carrying capacity in a carbon nanotube-copper composite. Nat. Commun. 4, (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3202

  30. Jayathilaka, W.A.D.M., Chinnappan, A., Ramakrishna, S.: A review of properties influencing the conductivity of CNT/Cu composites and their applications in wearable/flexible electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C. 5, 9209–9237 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02965a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. C. Subramaniam, T. Yamada, Kobashi, K., Sekiguchi, A., Futaba, D. N., Yumura, M.: One-hundred-fold increase in current carrying capacity in a carbon nanotube–copper composite. Nat. Commun. 4, 2202 (2013)

  32. de Groh III, H.C.: Consideration of Conductive Motor Winding Materials at Room and Elevated Temperatures. [Report]. (2015)

  33. Still, A.: Principles of electrical design: DC and AC generators. New York: McGraw-Hill (1921)

  34. Pyrhönen, J., Montonen, J., Lindh, P., Vauterin, J.J., Otto, M.J.: Replacing copper with new carbon nanomaterials in electrical machine windings. Int. Rev. Electr. Eng. 10, 12–21 (2015). https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v10i1.5253

Download references

Acknowledgements

SWJTU's foundation funded this research, and the first author was awarded a CSC Fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

    Atazaz Hassan, Chen Quanfang, Hussain Akbar, Luo Youming & Liu Jie

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

    Sajid Abbas

Authors
  1. Atazaz Hassan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chen Quanfang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sajid Abbas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hussain Akbar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Luo Youming
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Liu Jie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AH: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing—Original Draft. CQ: Supervision, Conceptualization, Review. Sajid Abbas: Software, Writing—Original Draft, Software, Investigation, Review & Editing, Data Curation, Revision. HA: Review, Editing, Revision. Luo Youming: Resources, Validation. LJ: Software, Review.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Atazaz Hassan or Chen Quanfang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hassan, A., Quanfang, C., Abbas, S. et al. Exploring the electrical performance of advanced and environmental-friendly novel nanomaterial wires in generator winding through finite element analysis. J Comput Electron 22, 17–28 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-022-01965-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-022-01965-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation