Abstract
This study aims to explore trends and principal research areas in the literature on Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) in children aged 0–17 from a macro perspective. A total of 236 studies, selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, formed the data source for this research. We conducted a bibliometric analysis to examine the growth of CDS literature and to identify the most productive countries, relevant journals and publications, and trending topics. Additionally, through content analysis, we identified general research themes, sample trends, and methodologies used in these studies. Our findings reveal that the relatively new field of CDS research is expanding. Our thematic analysis shows that the literature on CDS covers a broad spectrum of research topics, addressing various facets of the syndrome and identifying current research themes. The existing studies highlight the complex nature of CDS and its diverse cognitive, psychological, and neurological impacts. Our results also suggest that while research is more prevalent in certain age groups, there is a need to encompass a wider demographic range, considering CDS's potential impact across different life stages. This bibliometric analysis offers a comprehensive review of the current knowledge in the CDS field, providing a valuable resource for researchers. Our analyses and findings can guide future research in this area and suggest approaches for broader study frameworks. It is anticipated that ongoing and future research in the CDS field will incorporate these insights to more effectively address the syndrome's varied aspects and consequences.
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CK: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation (data collection), formal analysis, writing- original draft, writing review, editing. OTC: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation (data collection), formal analysis, writing- original draft, writing review, writing-review, editing. MS: Conceptualization, methodology, writing review, editing. MAK: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation (data collection). RI: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation (data collection).
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Appendix: Information of the Articles Included in the Study
Appendix: Information of the Articles Included in the Study
N | YEAR | AUTHORS | TITLE | JOURNAL | METHOD | AGE RANGE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1987 | Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Hynd GW, Carlson CL, Nieves N | Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: comparison of behavioral characteristics of clinic-referred children | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–13 |
2 | 2001 | McBurnett K, Pfiffner LJ, Frick PJ | Symptom properties as a function of ADHD type: an argument for continued study of sluggish cognitive tempo | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 3–18 |
3 | 2002 | Carlson CL, Mann M | Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | Primary school students (no age data) |
4 | 2002 | Weiler MD, Bernstein JH, Bellinger D, Waber DP | Information processing deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type, and children with reading disability | J Learn Disabil-Us | Cross-sectional | 7–11 |
5 | 2004 | Hartman CA, Willcutt EG, Rhee SH, Pennington BF | The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM-IV ADHD | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–18 |
6 | 2004 | Todd RD, Rasmussen ER, Wood C, Levy F, Hay DA | Should sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms be included in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 7–19 |
7 | 2005 | Bauermeister JJ, Matos M, Reina G, Salas CC, Martínez JV, Cumba E, Barkley RA | Comparison of the DSM-IV combined and inattentive types of ADHD in a school-based sample of Latino/Hispanic children | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–11 |
8 | 2005 | Huang-Pollock CL, Nigg JT, Carr TH | Deficient attention is hard to find: applying the perceptual load model of selective attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Experimental | 8–12 |
9 | 2007 | Hinshaw SP, Carte ET, Fan C, Jassy JS, Owens EB | Neuropsychological functioning of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively into adolescence: evidence for continuing deficits? | Neuropsychology | Longitudinal | M = 14.2 |
10 | 2007 | Mikami AY, Huang-Pollock CL, Pfiffner LJ, McBurnett K, Hangai D | Social skills differences among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder types in a chat room assessment task | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Experimental | 7–12 |
11 | 2007 | Pfiffner LJ, Yee Mikami A, Huang-Pollock C, Easterlin B, Zalecki C, McBurnett K | A randomized, controlled trial of integrated home-school behavioral treatment for ADHD, predominantly inattentive type | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Experimental | 7–11 |
12 | 2007 | Reeves CB, Palmer S, Gross AM, Simonian SJ, Taylor L, Willingham E, Mulhern RK | Brief report: sluggish cognitive tempo among pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia | J Pediatr Psychol | Experimental | 1–11 |
13 | 2008 | Parness-Yossifon R, Margalit D, Pollack A, Leiba H | Behavioral disorders in children with idiopathic intracranial hypertension | J Child Neurol | Experimental | 6–14 |
14 | 2009 | Ludwig HT, Matte B, Katz B, Rohde LA | Do sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms predict response to methylphenidate in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive type? | J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol | Retrospective | 4–17 |
15 | 2009 | McConaughy SH, Ivanova MY, Antshel K, Eiraldi RB | Standardized observational assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined and predominantly inattentive subtypes. I. Test session observations | School Psychol Rev | Cross-sectional | 6–11 |
16 | 2009 | Penny AM, Waschbusch DA, Klein RM, Corkum P, Eskes G | Develo** a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: content validity, factor structure, and reliability | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 4–13 |
17 | 2010 | Garner AA, Marceaux JC, Mrug S, Patterson C, Hodgens B | Dimensions and correlates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 5–17 |
18 | 2010 | Harrington KM, Waldman ID | Evaluating the utility of sluggish cognitive tempo in discriminating among DSM-IV ADHD subtypes | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 5–18 |
19 | 2010 | Wåhlstedt C, Bohlin G | DSM-IV-defined inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo: independent and interactive relations to neuropsychological factors and comorbidity | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | M = 8.6 |
20 | 2011 | Ho P, Tsao JC, Bloch L, Zeltzer LK | The impact of group drumming on social-emotional behavior in low-income children | Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | Experimental | 10–12 |
21 | 2011 | Skirbekk B, Hansen BH, Oerbeck B, Kristensen H | The relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo, subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorders | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 7–13 |
22 | 2012 | Bauermeister JJ, Barkley RA, Bauermeister JA, Martínez JV, McBurnett K | Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–11 |
23 | 2012 | Jacobson LA, Murphy-Bowman SC, Pritchard AE, Tart-Zelvin A, Zabel TA, Mahone EM | Factor structure of a sluggish cognitive tempo scale in clinically-referred children | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 3–18 |
24 | 2013 | Barkley RA | Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–17 |
25 | 2013 | Becker SP, Fite PJ., Garner AA., Greening L, Stoppelbein L, Luebbe AM | Reward and punishment sensitivity are differentially associated with ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in children | J Res Pers | Cross-sectional | 9–12 |
26 | 2013 | Becker SP, Langberg JM | Sluggish cognitive tempo among young adolescents with ADHD: relations to mental health, academic, and social functioning | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 10–14 |
27 | 2013 | Becker SP | Topical review: sluggish cognitive tempo: research findings and relevance for pediatric psychology | J Pediatr Psychol | Systematic review | no age data |
28 | 2013 | Burns GL, Servera M, Bernad Mdel M, Carrillo JM, Cardo E | Distinctions between sluggish cognitive tempo, ADHD-IN, and depression symptom dimensions in Spanish first-grade children | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | Primary school children (no age data) |
29 | 2013 | Garner AA, Mrug S, Hodgens B, Patterson C | Do symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo in children with ADHD symptoms represent comorbid internalizing difficulties? | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
30 | 2013 | Graham DM, Crocker N, Deweese BN, Roesch SC, Coles CD, Kable JA, May PA, Kalberg WO, Sowell ER, Jones KL, Riley EP, Mattson SN;CIFASD | Prenatal alcohol exposure, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sluggish cognitive tempo | Alcohol Clin Exp Res | Cross-sectional | 8–16 |
31 | 2013 | Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K | Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial | J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol | Experimental | 10–16 |
32 | 2013 | Willard VW, Hardy KK, Allen TM, Hwang EI, Gururangan S, Hostetter SA, Bonner MJ | Sluggish cognitive tempo in survivors of pediatric brain tumors | J Neurooncol | Retrospective | 6–18 |
33 | 2014 | Barkley RA | Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Systematic review | No age data |
34 | 2014 | Becker SP, Langberg JM, Luebbe AM, Dvorsky MR, Flannery AJ | Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with academic functioning and internalizing symptoms in college students with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | J Clin Psychol | Cross-sectional | 17–35 |
35 | 2014 | Becker SP, Langberg JM | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo dimensions in relation to executive functioning in adolescents with ADHD | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Cross-sectional | 12–16 |
36 | 2014 | Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Fite PJ, Stoppelbein L, Greening L | Sluggish cognitive tempo in psychiatrically hospitalized children: factor structure and relations to internalizing symptoms, social problems, and observed behavioral dysregulation | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
37 | 2014 | Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Langberg JM | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to college students' sleep functioning | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Cross-sectional | 17–24 |
38 | 2014 | Becker SP, Marshall SA, McBurnett K | Sluggish cognitive tempo in abnormal child psychology: an historical overview and introduction to the special section | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Systematic review | No age data |
39 | 2014 | Becker SP | Sluggish cognitive tempo and peer functioning in school-aged children: a six-month longitudinal study | Psychiatry Res | Longitudinal | 6–13 |
40 | 2014 | Bernad Mdel M, Servera M, Grases G, Collado S, Burns GL | A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of the external correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention symptoms dimensions | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Longitudinal | Primary school 1st and 2nd grade students |
41 | 2014 | Capdevila-Brophy C, Artigas-Pallarés J, Navarro-Pastor JB, García-Nonell K, Rigau-Ratera E, Obiols JE | ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype with high sluggish cognitive tempo: a new clinical entity? | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 7–12 |
42 | 2014 | Langberg JM, Becker SP, Dvorsky MR, Luebbe AM | Are sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness distinct constructs? | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 17–34 |
43 | 2014 | Langberg JM, Becker SP, Dvorsky MR | The association between sluggish cognitive tempo and academic functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Experimental | 12–16 |
44 | 2014 | Lee S, Burns GL, Snell J, McBurnett K | Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo symptom dimension in children: sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention as distinct symptom dimensions | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 5–13 |
45 | 2014 | Marshall SA, Evans SW, Eiraldi RB, Becker SP, Power TJ | Social and academic impairment in youth with ADHD, predominately inattentive type and sluggish cognitive tempo | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–17 |
46 | 2014 | McBurnett K, Villodas M, Burns GL, Hinshaw SP, Beaulieu A, Pfiffner LJ | Structure and validity of sluggish cognitive tempo using an expanded item pool in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 7–11 |
47 | 2014 | Moreira Fde S, de Lima AB, Fonseca PC, Maia-Filho Hde S | Mental health of children and adolescents with epilepsy: analysis of clinical and neuropsichological aspects | Arq Neuropsiquiatr | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
48 | 2014 | Moruzzi S, Rijsdijk F, Battaglia M | A twin study of the relationships among inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity and sluggish cognitive tempo problems | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–17 |
49 | 2014 | Roberts RM, Robins T, Gannoni AF, Tapp H | Survivors of childhood cancer in South Australia attending a late-effects clinic: a descriptive report of psychological, cognitive, and academic late-effects | J Psychosoc Oncol | Cross-sectional | 7–36 |
50 | 2014 | Saxbe C, Barkley RA | The second attention disorder? Sluggish cognitive tempo vs. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: update for clinicians | J Psychiatr Pract | Systematic review | No age data |
51 | 2014 | Watabe Y, Owens JS, Evans SW, Brandt NE | The relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and impairment in children with and without ADHD | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | Kindergarten to 8th grade (No age data) |
52 | 2014 | Willcutt EG, Chhabildas N, Kinnear M, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Leopold DR, Keenan JM, Pennington BF | The internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo and its relation with DSM-IV ADHD | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–16 |
53 | 2015 | Araujo Jiménez EA, Jané Ballabriga MC, Bonillo Martin A, Arrufat FJ, Serra Giacobo R | Executive functioning in children and adolescents with symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–17 |
54 | 2015 | Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Joyce AM | The Child Concentration Inventory (CCI): Initial validation of a child self-report measure of sluggish cognitive tempo | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
55 | 2015 | Fassbender C, Krafft CE, Schweitzer JB | Differentiating SCT and inattentive symptoms in ADHD using fMRI measures of cognitive control | Neuroimage Clin | Cross-sectional | 12–17 |
56 | 2015 | Koriakin TA, Mahone EM, Jacobson LA | Sleep difficulties are associated with parent report of sluggish cognitive tempo | J Dev Behav Pediatr | Cross-sectional | 5–18 |
57 | 2015 | Raiker JS, Greening L, Stoppelbein L, Becker SP, Fite PJ, Luebbe AM | Mediating effect of psychopathy on the risk of social problems among children with ADHD versus sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
58 | 2016 | Asanbe C, Moleko AG, Visser M, Thomas A, Makwakwa C, Salgado W, Tesnakis A | Parental HIV/AIDS and psychological health of younger children in South Africa | J Child Adolesc Ment Health | Cross-sectional | 6–10 |
59 | 2016 | Becker SP, Ciesielski HA, Rood JE, Froehlich TE, Garner AA, Tamm L, Epstein JN | Uncovering a clinical portrait of sluggish cognitive tempo within an evaluation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A case study | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Case study | 7 |
60 | 2016 | Becker SP, Garner AA, Byars KC | Sluggish cognitive tempo in children referred to a pediatric Sleep Disorders Center: Examining possible overlap with sleep problems and associations with impairment | J Psychiatr Res | Cross-sectional | 6–10 |
61 | 2016 | Becker SP, Pfiffner LJ, Stein MA, Burns GL, McBurnett K | Sleep habits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive type and associations with comorbid psychopathology symptoms | Sleep Med | Cross-sectional | 6–11 |
62 | 2016 | Becker SP, Withrow AR, Stoppelbein L, Luebbe AM, Fite PJ, Greening L | Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with suicide risk in psychiatrically hospitalized children | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Experimental | 8–12 |
63 | 2016 | Bernad Mdel M, Servera M, Becker SP, Burns GL | Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention as predictors of externalizing, internalizing, and impairment domains: A 2-year longitudinal study | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Longitudinal | 1st-3rd grade students (No age data) |
64 | 2016 | Birdal S, Doğangün B | Behavioural problems in children with enuresis | Turk Pediatri Ars | Experimental | 7–11 |
65 | 2016 | Camprodon-Rosanas E, Batlle S, Estrada-Prat X, Aceña-Díaz M, Petrizan-Aleman A, Pujals E, Martin-López LM, Pérez-Solá V, Ribas-Fitó N | Sluggish cognitive tempo in a child and adolescent clinical outpatient setting | J Psychiatr Pract | Retrospective | 4–17 |
66 | 2016 | Khadka G, Burns GL, Becker SP | Internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention dimensions with teacher ratings of nepali children | J Psychopathol Behav Assess | Cross-sectional | M = 9.35 |
67 | 2016 | Lee S, Burns GL, Beauchaine TP, Becker SP | Bifactor latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms and first-order latent structure of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 5–13 |
68 | 2016 | Leopold DR, Christopher ME, Burns GL, Becker SP, Olson RK, Willcutt EG | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo throughout childhood: temporal invariance and stability from preschool through ninth grade | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Longitudinal | 5–15 |
69 | 2016 | Servera M, Bernad MD, Carrillo JM, Collado S, Burns GL | Longitudinal correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention symptom dimensions with Spanish children | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Longitudinal | 1st grade students (No age data) |
70 | 2016 | Stephen P Becker, Daniel R Leopold, G Leonard Burns, Matthew A Jarrett, Joshua M Langberg, Stephen A Marshall, Keith McBurnett, Daniel A Waschbusch, Erik G Willcutt | The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Meta analaysis | No age data |
71 | 2016 | Tamm L, Garner AA, Loren REA, Epstein JN, Vaughn AJ, Ciesielski HA, Becker SP | Slow sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms are associated with poorer academic performance in children with ADHD | Psychiatry Res | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
72 | 2017 | Robinson A, Simpson C, Hott BL | The effects of child-centered play therapy on the behavioral performance of three first grade students with ADHD | International Journal of Play Therapy | Experimental | 6–7 |
73 | 2017 | Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Greening L, Fite PJ, Stoppelbein L | A Preliminary investigation of the relation between thyroid functioning and sluggish cognitive tempo in children | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
74 | 2017 | Becker SP | "For Some Reason I Find it Hard to Work Quickly": Introduction to the Special Issue on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo | J Atten Disord | Systematic review | No age data |
75 | 2017 | Belmar M, Servera M, Becker SP, Burns GL | Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in South America: An Initial Examination Using Mother and Teacher Ratings of Chilean Children | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–14 |
76 | 2017 | Burns GL, Becker SP, Servera M, Bernad MD, García-Banda G | Sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention in the home and school contexts: Parent and teacher invariance and cross-setting validity | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 3rd grade primary school students (no age data) |
77 | 2017 | Camprodon-Rosanas E, Ribas-Fitó N, Batlle-Vila S, Persavento C, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Sunyer J, Forns J | Sluggish cognitive tempo: Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics in a population of catalan school children | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 7–10 |
78 | 2017 | Fenollar Cortés J, Servera M, Becker SP, Burns GL | External validity of ADHD ınattention and sluggish cognitive tempo dimensions in spanish children with ADHD | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
79 | 2017 | Garner AA, Hansen A, Baxley C, Becker SP, Sidol CA, Beebe DW | Effect of sleep extension on sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms and driving behavior in adolescents with chronic short sleep | Sleep Med | Experimental | 16–18 |
80 | 2017 | Garner AA, Peugh J, Becker SP, Kingery KM, Tamm L, Vaughn AJ, Ciesielski H, Simon JO, Loren REA, Epstein JN | Does sluggish cognitive tempo fit within a bi-factor model of ADHD? | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
81 | 2017 | Haack LM, Jiang Y, Delucchi K, Kaiser N, McBurnett K, Hinshaw S, Pfiffner L | Parental cognitive errors mediate parental psychopathology and ratings of child ınattention | Fam Process | Cross-sectional | 7–11 |
82 | 2017 | Jarrett MA, Rapport HF, Rondon AT, Becker SP | ADHD dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to self-report and laboratory measures of neuropsychological functioning in college students | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 17–25 |
83 | 2017 | Lee S, Burns GL, Becker SP | Can sluggish cognitive tempo be distinguished from ADHD inattention in very young children? Evidence from a sample of korean preschool children | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 4–6 |
84 | 2017 | McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R | Atomoxetine-related change in sluggish cognitive tempo ıs partially ındependent of change in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ınattentive symptoms | J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol | Experimental | 10–16 |
85 | 2017 | Reinvall O, Kujala T, Voutilainen A, Moisio AL, Lahti-Nuuttila P, Laasonen M | Sluggish cognitive tempo in children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders: Social impairments and internalizing symptoms | Scand J Psychol | Cross-sectional | 5–15 |
86 | 2017 | Smith ZR, Langberg JM | Predicting academic impairment and internalizing psychopathology using a multidimensional framework of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo with parent- and adolescent reports | Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 10–15 |
87 | 2017 | Tsang TW, Carmichael Olson H, Latimer J, Fitzpatrick J, Hand M, Oscar J, Carter M, Elliott EJ | Behavior in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in remote Australia: A population-based study | J Dev Behav Pediatr | Cross-sectional | 7–9 |
88 | 2018 | Baytunca MB, Inci SB, Ipci M, Kardas B, Bolat GU, Ercan ES | The neurocognitive nature of children with ADHD comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo: Might SCT be a disorder of vigilance? | Psychiatry Res | Experimental | M = 9.0, M = 10.88, M = 10.88 |
89 | 2018 | Becker SP, Burns GL, Leopold DR, Olson RK, Willcutt EG | Differential impact of trait sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention in early childhood on adolescent functioning | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Longitudinal | 4–16 |
90 | 2018 | Firat, S., Bolat, G. U., Gul, H., Baytunca, M. B., Kardas, B., Aysev, A., & Ercan, E. S | Barkley child attention scale validity and reliability study | Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
91 | 2018 | Froehlich TE, Becker SP, Nick TG, Brinkman WB, Stein MA, Peugh J, Epstein JN | Sluggish cognitive tempo as a possible predictor of methylphenidate response in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial | J Clin Psychiatry | Experimental | 7–11 |
92 | 2018 | Holdaway AS, Becker SP | Sluggish cognitive tempo and student–teacher relationship quality: Short-term longitudinal and concurrent associations | Sch Psychol Q | Cross-sectional | 1st-6th grade students (No age data) |
93 | 2018 | Jacobson LA, Geist M, Mahone EM | Sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, and ınternalizing symptoms: The moderating effect of age | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
94 | 2018 | Lee S, Burns GL, Becker SP | Toward establishing the transcultural validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: Evidence from a sample of South Korean children | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–13 |
95 | 2018 | Owens EB, Hinshaw SP, McBurnett K, Pfiffner L | Predictors of response to behavioral treatments among children with ADHD-inattentive type | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Experimental | 7–11 |
96 | 2018 | Servera M, Sáez B, Burns GL, Becker SP | Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children | J Abnorm Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
97 | 2018 | Smith ZR, Becker SP, Garner AA, Rudolph CW, Molitor SJ, Oddo LE, Langberg JM | Evaluating the structure of sluggish cognitive tempo using confirmatory factor analytic and bifactor modeling with parent and youth ratings | Assessment | Cross-sectional | 10–15 |
98 | 2018 | Tamm L, Brenner SB, Bamberger ME, Becker SP | Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers? | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 4 |
99 | 2019 | Becker SP, Burns GL, Schmitt AP, Epstein JN, Tamm L | Toward establishing a standard symptom set for assessing sluggish cognitive tempo in children: Evidence from teacher ratings in a community sample | Assessment | Cross-sectional | from grades 2 to 5 |
100 | 2019 | Becker SP, Epstein JN, Tamm L, Tilford AA, Tischner CM, Isaacson PA, Simon JO, Beebe DW | Shortened sleep duration causes sleepiness, inattention, and oppositionality in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Findings from a crossover sleep restriction/extension study | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Experimental | 14–17 |
101 | 2019 | Becker SP, Garner AA, Tamm L, Antonini TN, Epstein JN | Honing in on the social difficulties associated with sluggish cognitive tempo in children: Withdrawal, peer ignoring, and low Engagement | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 7–12 |
102 | 2019 | Becker SP, Willcutt EG | Advancing the study of sluggish cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology | Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Systematic review | No age data |
103 | 2019 | Camprodon-Rosanas E, Pujol J, Martínez-Vilavella G, Blanco-Hinojo L, Medrano-Martorell S, Batlle S, Forns J, Ribas-Fitó N, Dolz M, Sunyer J | Brain structure and function in school-aged children with sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 8–12 |
104 | 2019 | Cook NE, Braaten EB, Vuijk PJ, Lee BA, Samkavitz AR, Doyle AE, Surman CBH | Slow processing speed and sluggish cognitive tempo in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for differentiation of functional correlates | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
105 | 2019 | Crișan DR, Tendeiro JN, Wanders RBK, van Ravenzwaaij D, Meijer RR, Hartman CA | Practical consequences of model misfit when using rating scales to assess the severity of attention problems in children | Int J Methods Psychiatr Res | Longitudinal | 11 |
106 | 2019 | Duncan A, Tamm L, Birnschein AM, Becker SP | Clinical correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder | Autism | Cross-sectional | 13–18 |
107 | 2019 | Ferretti NM, King SL, Hilton DC, Rondon AT, Jarrett MA | Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo | Yale J Biol Med | Systematic review | No age data |
108 | 2019 | Fırat S, Gül H, Aysev A | Distinguishing SCT symptoms from ADHD in children: internal and external validity in Turkish culture | Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
109 | 2019 | Jacobson LA, Mahone EM | Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts academic fluency, beyond contributions of core academic skills, attention, and motor speed | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–20 |
110 | 2019 | Kofler MJ, Irwin LN, Sarver DE, Fosco WD, Miller CE, Spiegel JA, Becker SP | What cognitive processes are "sluggish" in sluggish cognitive tempo? | J Consult Clin Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
111 | 2019 | Preszler J, Burns GL, Litson K, Geiser C, Servera M, Becker SP | How consistent ıs sluggish cognitive tempo across occasions, sources, and settings? Evidence from latent state-trait modeling | Assessment | Cross-sectional | primary and secondary school students |
112 | 2019 | Sáez B, Servera M, Becker SP, Burns GL | Optimal items for assessing sluggish cognitive tempo in children across mother, father, and teacher ratings | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
113 | 2019 | Sáez B, Servera M, Burns GL, Becker SP | Advancing the multi-informant assessment of sluggish cognitive tempo: Child self-report in relation to parent and teacher ratings of SCT and impairment | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
114 | 2019 | Schimmenti, A., Somer, E., & Regis, M | Maladaptive daydreaming: Towards a nosological definition | In Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique | Systematic review | No age data |
115 | 2019 | Smith ZR, Breaux RP, Green CD, Langberg JM | Evaluation of the ınterplay between homework motivation and sluggish cognitive tempo in youth with ADHD: Associations with homework performance | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 10–15 |
116 | 2019 | Smith ZR, Eadeh HM, Breaux RP, Langberg JM | Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 10–15 |
117 | 2019 | Ünsel-Bolat G, Ercan ES, Bolat H, Süren S, Bacanlı A, Yazıcı KU, Rohde LA | Comparisons between sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-restrictive inattentive presentation phenotypes in a clinical ADHD sample | Atten Defic Hyperact Disord | Experimental | 8–15 |
118 | 2019 | Vu A, Thompson L, Willcutt E, Petrill S | Sluggish cognitive tempo: longitudinal stability and validity | Atten Defic Hyperact Disord | Longitudinal | 6–12 |
119 | 2019 | Ward AR, Sibley MH, Musser ED, Campez M, Bubnik-Harrison MG, Meinzer MC, Yeguez CE | Relational impairments, sluggish cognitive tempo, and severe inattention are associated with elevated self-rated depressive symptoms in adolescents with ADHD | Atten Defic Hyperact Disord | Cross-sectional | 11–16 |
120 | 2019 | Gul A, Gul H | Evaluation of childhood sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) among the patients with substance use disorder, substance ınduced psychosis and childhood ADHD | Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | Cross-sectional | 17–56 |
121 | 2020 | Becker SP, Burns GL, Smith ZR, Langberg JM | Sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with and without ADHD: Differentiation from adolescent-reported ADHD inattention and unique associations with internalizing domains | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 12–14 |
122 | 2020 | Becker SP, Marsh NP, Holdaway AS, Tamm L | Sluggish cognitive tempo and processing speed in adolescents with ADHD: do findings vary based on informant and task? | Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 13–17 |
123 | 2020 | Becker SP, McQuade JD | Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity during Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 8–12 |
124 | 2020 | Becker SP, Mossing KW, Zoromski AK, Vaughn AJ, Epstein JN, Tamm L, Burns GL | Assessing sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention in elementary students: Empirical differentiation, invariance across sex and grade, and measurement precision | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 2nd—5th grades (No age data) |
125 | 2020 | Bioulac S, Taillard J, Philip P, Sagaspe P | Excessive daytime sleepiness measurements in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Front Psychiatry | Systematic review | No age data |
126 | 2020 | Bolat H, Ercan ES, Ünsel-Bolat G, Tahillioğlu A, Yazici KU, Bacanli A, Pariltay E, Aygüneş Jafari D, Kosova B, Özgül S, Rohde LA, Akin H | DRD4 genoty** may differentiate symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo | Braz J Psychiatry | Experimental | 6–15 |
127 | 2020 | Brewe AM, Simmons GL, Capriola-Hall NN, White SW | Sluggish cognitive tempo: An examination of clinical correlates for adults with autism | Autism | Cross-sectional | 16–25 |
128 | 2020 | Burns GL, Becker SP, Geiser C, Leopold DR, Willcutt EG | Are sluggish cognitive tempo, ADHD, and oppositional defiant disorder trait- or state-like constructs from prekindergarten to fourth grade? | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 13–16 |
129 | 2020 | Callan PD, Shepler DK, Justice MD, Oliver CE | Correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo among clinic-referred youth: Expanding awareness of somatic symptoms and stress in the clinical picture | Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
130 | 2020 | Camprodon-Rosanas E, Ribas-Fitó N, Batlle S, Persavento C, Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Sunyer J, Forns J | Association between sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms and attentional network and working memory in primary schoolchildren | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 7–10 |
131 | 2020 | Yung TWK, Lai CYY, Chan JYC, Ng SSM, Chan CCH | Neuro-physiological correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in school-aged children | Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
132 | 2020 | Goh PK, Martel MM, Barkley RA | Clarifying ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo ıtem relations with ımpairment: a network analysis | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–17 |
133 | 2020 | Jarrett MA, Gable PA, Rondon AT, Neal LB, Price HF, Hilton DC | An eeg study of children with and without adhd symptoms: Between-group differences and associations with sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms | J Atten Disord | Experimental | 7–12 |
134 | 2020 | Langberg JM, Molitor SJ, Oddo LE, Eadeh HM, Dvorsky MR, Becker SP | Prevalence, patterns, and predictors of sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in young adolescents with ADHD | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 10–15 |
135 | 2020 | Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Waschbusch DA | Sluggish cognitive tempo in autism, ADHD, and neurotypical child sample | Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders | Cross-sectional | 2–17 |
136 | 2020 | Musicaro RM, Ford J, Suvak MK, Sposato A, Andersen S | Sluggish cognitive tempo and exposure to interpersonal trauma in children | Anxiety Stress Co** | Cross-sectional | 8–17 |
137 | 2020 | Navarro-Soria, Ignasi, Mateu Servera, and G. Leonard Burns | Association of foster care and its duration with clinical symptoms and impairment: Foster care versus non-foster care comparisons with Spanish children | Journal of Child and Family Studies | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
138 | 2020 | Rondon AT, Hilton DC, Jarrett MA, Ollendick TH | Sleep, ınternalizing problems, and social withdrawal: unique associations in clinic-referred youth with elevated sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–17 |
139 | 2020 | Sevincok D, Ozbay HC, Ozbek MM, Tunagur MT, Aksu H | ADHD symptoms in relation to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children: the mediating role of sluggish cognitive tempo | Nord J Psychiatry | Retrospective | 6–16 |
140 | 2020 | Smith ZR, Langberg JM | Do sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms improve with school-based ADHD interventions? Outcomes and predictors of change | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Experimental | 10–13 |
141 | 2020 | Smith ZR, Zald DH, Lahey BB | Sluggish cognitive tempo and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents predict adulthood psychopathology | J Abnorm Child Psychol | Prospektif | 6–17 |
142 | 2020 | Stoppelbein L, McRae E, Smith S, Becker S, Fite P, Luebbe A, Greening L | Sluggish cognitive tempo and behavioral difficulties in children with ADHD: Associations with ınternalizing and externalizing symptoms | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
143 | 2020 | Tahıllıoğlu A, Ercan ES | Atomoxetine might be more effective in improving sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms after switching from methylphenidate: A case report | Clin Case Rep | Case study | 5–9 |
144 | 2020 | Taylor SG, Siceloff ER, Roberts AM, Bradley WJ, Bridges, RM, Lorch EP, Danielson CK, Flory K | Emotion dysregulation and sluggish cognitive tempo as moderators of cortisol responsivity in children with ADHD | Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Experimental | 8–10 |
145 | 2020 | Ünsel-Bolat G, Baytunca MB, Kardaş B, İpçi M, İnci İzmir SB, Özyurt O, Çallı MC, Ercan ES | Diffusion tensor imaging findings in children with sluggish cognitive tempo comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Nord J Psychiatry | Experimental | 8–15 |
146 | 2021 | Dvorsky MR, Becker SP, Tamm L, Willoughby MT | Testing the longitudinal structure and change in sluggish cognitive tempo and ınattentive behaviors from early through middle childhood | Assessment | Cross-sectional | 3 years to 5th grade (no age data) |
147 | 2021 | Barakat M, Mashmoushi R, Oghgassian G, Shamseddeen W | A retrospective investigation of the added clinical value of SCT symptoms on neuropsychological assessments in youth with ADHD | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
148 | 2021 | Başay Ö, Çiftçi E, Becker SP, Burns GL | Validity of sluggish cognitive tempo in Turkish children and adolescents | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Cross-sectional | 6–15 |
149 | 2021 | Becker SP, Dvorsky MR, Tamm L, Willoughby MT | Preschool neuropsychological predictors of school-aged sluggish cognitive tempo and inattentive behaviors | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Cross-sectional | Teachers of 1st and 3rd grade students (age data not available) |
150 | 2021 | Becker SP, Webb KL, Dvorsky MR | Initial examination of the bidirectional associations between sluggish cognitive tempo and internalizing symptoms in children | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Longitudinal | 6–13 |
151 | 2021 | Becker SP | Systematic Review: Assessment of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Over the Past Decade | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Systematic review | No age data |
152 | 2021 | Breaux R, Dvorsky MR, Marsh NP, Green CD, Cash AR, Shroff DM, Buchen N, Langberg JM, Becker SP | Prospective impact of COVID-19 on mental health functioning in adolescents with and without ADHD: protective role of emotion regulation abilities | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 15–17 |
153 | 2021 | Burns GL, Becker SP | Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children: Differentiation using categorical and dimensional approaches | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 4–13 |
154 | 2021 | Burns GL, Servera M, Becker SP | Psychometric properties and normative information on the child and adolescent behavior inventory with ratings for Spanish children from parents and teachers | Psicothema | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
155 | 2021 | Collado-Valero J, Navarro-Soria I, Delgado-Domenech B, Real-Fernández M, Costa-López B, Mazón-Esquiva I,Lavigne-Cerván R | ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo: comparing executive functioning response patterns | Sustainability | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
156 | 2021 | Creque CA, Willcutt EG | Sluggish cognitive tempo and neuropsychological functioning | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Cross-sectional | M = 5.9–15.4 |
157 | 2021 | East P, Doom JR, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S | Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive and educational outcomes in young adulthood | Dev Psychol | Retrospective | 10–21 |
158 | 2021 | Ekinci O, İpek Baş SA, Ekinci N, Doğan ÖI, Yaşöz C, Adak İ | Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with autistic traits and anxiety disorder symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Braz J Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
159 | 2021 | Fırat S, Gul H, Aysev A | An open-label trial of methylphenidate treating sluggish cognitive tempo, ınattention, and hyperactivity/ımpulsivity symptoms among 6- to 12-year-old adhd children: What are the predictors of treatment response at home and school? | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
160 | 2021 | Fredrick JW, Becker SP | Sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms, but not ADHD or ınternalizing symptoms, are uniquely related to self-reported mind-wandering in adolescents with ADHD | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 13–17 |
161 | 2021 | Jung SH, Lee S, Burns GL, Becker SP | Internal and external validity of self-report and parent-report measures of sluggish cognitive tempo in South Korean adolescents | Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Cross-sectional | 13–17 |
162 | 2021 | Kılınçel, Ş., Usta, M. B | Detection of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo with d-CPT in children with ADHD | Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Experimental | 7–12 |
163 | 2021 | Little K, Raiker J, Coxe S, Campez M, Jusko M, Smith J, Gnagy E, Greiner A, Villodas M, Coles E, Pelham WE | A preliminary evaluation of the utility of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in predicting behavioral treatment response in children with behavioral difficulties | Psychol Rep | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
164 | 2021 | Loram G, Silk T, Ling M, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Hyde C, McGillivray J, Sciberras E | Associations between sleep, daytime sleepiness and functional outcomes in adolescents with ADHD | Sleep Med | Cross-sectional | 13–17 |
165 | 2021 | Mahdavi S, Hasper E, Donders J | Sluggish cognitive tempo in children with traumatic brain injuries | Appl Neuropsychol Child | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
166 | 2021 | Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Waschbusch DA | Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems and impairment in children with autism and children with ADHD | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 2–17 |
167 | 2021 | Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA., Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun SL | Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and sleep, psychological, somatic, and cognitive problems in elementary school children | Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
168 | 2021 | O'Hare K, White N, Harding R, Galland B, Sellbom M, Shine B, Schaughency E | Sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness mediate relationships between sleep and academic performance | J Dev Behav Pediatr | Cross-sectional | 6–10 |
169 | 2021 | Peterson RK, Jones K, Jacobson LA | The contribution of sluggish cognitive tempo to processing speed in survivors of pediatric brain tumors | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 4–21 |
170 | 2021 | Sevincok D, Avcil S, Ozbek MM | The relationship between theory of mind and sluggish cognitive tempo in school-age children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
171 | 2021 | Torun YT, Gul H, Sahin M, Hekim O, Ates BO, Bodur S, Gul A. Congologlu, MA | Daydreaming and sluggishness may predict different functions for non-suicidal self-injury: A clinic-based single-center study | Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences | Cross-sectional | 2–18 |
172 | 2021 | Yung TWK, Lai CYY, Chan JYC, Ng SSM, Chan CCH | Examining the role of attention deficits in the social problems and withdrawn behavior of children with sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms | Front Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
173 | 2021 | Yung, Trevor WK | Sensory modulation: A window to sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms among children | Current Developmental Disorders Reports | Systematic review | No age data |
174 | 2021 | Mohammadi E, Shadbafi M | Comparison of sensitivity to reward and punishment, response inhibition and sustained attention between school boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo | Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology | Cross-sectional | 7–12 |
175 | 2022 | Becker SP, Epstein JN, Burns GL, Mossing KW, Schmitt AP, Fershtman CEM, Vaughn AJ, Zoromski AK, Peugh JL, Simon JO, Tamm L | Academic functioning in children with and without sluggish cognitive tempo | J Sch Psychol | Cross-sectional | 7–11 |
176 | 2022 | Becker SP, Fredrick JW, Foster JA, Yeaman KM, Epstein JN, Froehlich TE, Mitchell JT | "My mom calls it Annaland": A qualitative study of phenomenology, daily life impacts, and treatment considerations of sluggish cognitive tempo | J Atten Disord | Qualitative | 9–16 |
177 | 2022 | Bolat H, Ünsel-Bolat G, Özgül S, Parıltay E, Tahıllıoğlu A, Rohde LA, Akın H, Ercan ES | Investigation of possible associations of the BDNF, SNAP-25 and SYN III genes with the neurocognitive measures: BDNF and SNAP-25 genes might be involved in attention domain, SYN III gene in executive function | Nord J Psychiatry | Experimental | 6–15 |
178 | 2022 | Burgin EE, Ray DC | Child-centered play therapy and childhood depression: An effectiveness study in schools | Journal of Child and Family Studies | Cross-sectional | 5–9 |
179 | 2022 | Burns GL, Geiser C, Servera M, Becker SP | Consistency and source specificity of symptom ratings for Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory Scales with mother, father, and teacher ratings of Spanish children | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
180 | 2022 | Burns GL, Preszler J, Ahnach A, Servera M, Becker SP | Multisource network and latent variable models of sluggish cognitive tempo, ADHD-inattentive, and depressive symptoms with Spanish children: Equivalent findings and recommendations | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
181 | 2022 | Burns GL, Preszler J, Becker SP | Psychometric and normative information on the child and adolescent behavior inventory in a nationally representative sample of United States children | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 4–13 |
182 | 2022 | Fredrick JW, Becker SP, Langberg JM | Low school support exacerbates the association between peer difficulties and sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 13–15 |
183 | 2022 | Fredrick JW, Langberg JM, Becker SP | Longitudinal association of sluggish cognitive tempo with depression in adolescents and the possible role of peer victimization | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Longitudinal | 12–14 |
184 | 2022 | Fredrick JW, Yeaman KM, Yu X, Langberg JM, Becker SP | A multi-method examination of sluggish cognitive tempo in relation to adolescent sleep, daytime sleepiness, and circadian preference | J Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 12–14 |
185 | 2022 | Gaur S | The association between ADHD and celiac disease in children | Children (Basel) | Meta analaysis | No age data |
186 | 2022 | Gozpinar N, Cakiroglu S, Gormez V | Psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale in a Turkish sample of children and adolescents | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
187 | 2022 | Hardy SJ, Forman S, Hardy KK, Schatz J | Sluggish cognitive tempo in pediatric sickle cell disease | Front Neurol | Cross-sectional | 7–16 |
188 | 2022 | Hossain B, Bent S, Parenteau C, Widjaja F, Davis M, Hendren RL | The associations between sluggish cognitive tempo, ınternalizing symptoms, and academic performance in children with reading disorder: A longitudinal cohort study | J Atten Disord | Longitudinal | 6–18 |
189 | 2022 | Mahr F, Brennan G, Billman M, Lane-Loney S | Sleep and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): Correlation with psychopathology, gender, and academic performance | Cureus | Experimental | 7–18 |
190 | 2022 | Mayes SD, Kallus R, Bangert LR, Fosco W, Calhoun SL, Waschbusch DA | Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo, IQ and academic achievement test scores, and academic impairment in autism, ADHD, and elementary school samples | Child Neuropsycho | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
191 | 2022 | Mayes SD, Seebeck J, Waschbusch DA | Relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and age and ıq in preschool and school-age children and adolescents with autism and with ADHD | J Autism Dev Disord | Cross-sectional | 2–17 |
192 | 2022 | McFayden T, Jarrett MA, White SW, Scarpa A, Dahiya A, Ollendick TH | Sluggish cognitive tempo in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and Their Comorbidity: Implications for impairment | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 6–17 |
193 | 2022 | Moreno-García I, Servera M, Morales-Ortiz M, Cano-Crespo A, Sáez B | The external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo versus ınattention in behavioral, social ınteraction, and academic performance measures | Psicothema | Cross-sectional | 9–13 |
194 | 2022 | Olsthoorn IM, Holland AA, Hawkins RC 2nd, Cornelius AE, Baig MU, Yang G, Holland DC, Zaky W, Stavinoha PL | Sleep disturbance and its association with sluggish cognitive tempo and attention in pediatric brain tumor survivors | Front Neurosci | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
195 | 2022 | Peterson RK, Holingue C, Jacobson LA | Sluggish cognitive tempo profiles in survivors of childhood cancer as compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Support Care Cancer | Cross-sectional | 1–18 |
196 | 2022 | Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Mohammadian Y, Ghasemi M, Bahmani LS, Piri N, Brühl AB, Becker SP, Burns GL, Brand S | Sluggish cognitive tempo among Iranian children and adolescents: A validation study of the farsi child and adolescent behavior ınventory (CABI)-parent version | J Clin Med | Cross-sectional | 8–19 |
197 | 2022 | Smith ZR, Del Castillo A, Clark OE, Holmbeck GN | Working memory and cognitive flexibility predict growth trajectories of sluggish cognitive tempo in youth with spina bifida | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 8–15 |
198 | 2022 | Somma A, Becker SP, Leitner C, Fossati A | Reliability, factor validity, and neuropsychological correlates of the child concentration ınventory-2 in a community sample of Italian adolescents | Assessment | Cross-sectional | 13–19 |
199 | 2022 | Wu ZM, Liu J, Wang P, Wang YF, Yang BR | Neuropsychological characteristics of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive empo | J Atten Disord | Experimental | 6–14 |
200 | 2022 | Yue X, Liu L, Chen W, Preece DA, Liu Q, Li H, Wang Y, Qian Q | Affective-cognitive-behavioral heterogeneity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Emotional dysregulation as a sentinel symptom differentiating "ADHD-simplex" and "ADHD-complex" syndromes? | J Affect Disord | Cross-sectional | 6–16 |
201 | 2022 | Yung TWK, Lai CYY, Chan CCH | Abnormal physiological responses toward sensory stimulus are related to the attention deficits in children with sluggish cognitive tempo | Front Neurosci | Experimental | 6–13 |
202 | 2022 | Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Mattison RE, Kallus R, Baweja R, Fernandez-Mendoza, Calhoun SL | Stability of sluggish cognitive tempo compared to externalizing and internalizing parent symptom ratings from age 9 to 8-years follow-up in a population-based sample | J Psychopathol Behav Assess | Longitudinal | M = 8,7; M = 16,4 |
203 | 2023 | Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA | Report of a work group on sluggish cognitive tempo: Key research directions and a consensus change in terminology to cognitive disengagement syndrome | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | Meta analaysis | No age data |
204 | 2023 | Cano-Crespo A, Moreno-García I, Servera M, Morales-Ortiz M | Cognitive disengagement syndrome and child sleep problems in ADHD, anxiety and depression | Healthcare (Basel) | Cross-sectional | 7–13 |
205 | 2023 | Chrysosferidis JR, Burns GL, Becker SP, Beauchaine TP, Servera M | Oppositional defiant disorder in the DSM-5: Does the limited prosocial emotions specifier portend a more severe clinical presentation? | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Cross-sectional | 8–13 |
206 | 2023 | Çiftçi E, Başay Ö, Özdemir C | Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study of the children and adolescent behavior inventory family questionnaire | Noro Psikiyatr Ars | Cross-sectional | 6–14 |
207 | 2023 | Darow EL, Flax MA, Clark OE, Holmbeck GN, Smith ZR | Comparing cognitive disengagement syndrome growth in youth with and without spina bifida | J Pediatr Psychol | Longitudinal | 8–9 |
208 | 2023 | East PL, Doom JR, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S | Iron deficiency in ınfancy and sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in childhood and adolescence | J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol | Cross-sectional | 5,10,16 years old |
209 | 2023 | Firoozehchi ZR, Mashhadi A, Bigdeli I | The comparison of sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, and executive functions in female children with specific learning disabilities and typically develo** female children: A pilot study | Appl Neuropsychol Child | Cross-sectional | 8–10 |
210 | 2023 | Fredrick JW, Becker SP | Cognitive disengagement syndrome (sluggish cognitive tempo) and social withdrawal: Advancing a conceptual model to guide future research | J Atten Disord | Meta analaysis | No age data |
211 | 2023 | Fredrick JW, Becker SP | Sluggish cognitive tempo (cognitive disengagement syndrome) and academic functioning: A systematic review and agenda for future research | Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev | Systematic review | No age data |
212 | 2023 | Fredrick JW, Jacobson LA, Peterson RK, Becker SP | Cognitive disengagement syndrome (sluggish cognitive tempo) and medical conditions: a systematic review and call for future research | Child Neuropsychol | Systematic review | No age data |
213 | 2023 | Gambarini A, Tobia V, Fossati A, Somma A, Torelli A, Ogliari AL | The neuropsychological correlates of (sluggish) cognitive tempo scales in school-aged children | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | primary school students (no age data) |
214 | 2023 | Gionet S, Arseneau J, Plourde V | Psychopathology and mind wandering in young university students | J Psychiatr Res | Cross-sectional | 17–32 |
215 | 2023 | Gozpinar N, Cakiroglu S, Gormez V | Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Self Report Scale (SCT-SR): Development and initial validation study | J Atten Disord | Cross-sectional | 11–18 |
216 | 2023 | Gundogdu U | Cognitive and behavioral predictors of procrastination behavior in adolescents at a mental health clinic in Turkey | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 12–18 |
217 | 2023 | Kılıçoğlu AG, Zadehgan Afshord T, Derin S, Ertas E, Coskun P, Aktas S, Guler EM | Comparison of possible changes in oxidative stress, dna damage, and ınflammatory markers in children/adolescents diagnosed with sluggish cognitive tempo and children/adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol | Experimental | 11–18 |
218 | 2023 | Luedke JC, Vargas G, Jashar DT, Morrow A, Malone LA, Ng R | Cognitive disengagement syndrome in pediatric patients with long COVID: associations with mood, anxiety, and functional impairment | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 7–19 |
219 | 2023 | Mayes SD, Bangert L, Kallus R, Fosco W, Calhoun SL, Waschbusch DA | Sluggish cognitive tempo: Association with neuropsychological test scores, motor incoordination, and dysgraphia in elementary school children | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–12 |
220 | 2023 | Mayes SD, Becker SP, Calhoun SL, Waschbusch DA | Comparison of the cognitive disengagement and hypoactivity components of sluggish cognitive tempo in autism, adhd, and population-based samples of children | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Cross-sectional | 4–17 |
221 | 2023 | Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Waschbusch DA | Agreement between mother, father, and teacher ratings of cognitive disengagement syndrome (sluggish cognitive tempo) in children with autism and children with ADHD | Psychol Assess | Cross-sectional | 4–16 |
222 | 2023 | Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun SL | Cognitive disengagement syndrome (cds) (formerly sluggish cognitive tempo), autism, and ınsomnia symptoms in childhood predict cds in adolescence: A longitudinal population-based study | Child Psychiatry Hum Dev | Longitudinal | 8–17 |
223 | 2023 | Nivins S, Klingberg T | Effects of prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes mellitus on deep grey matter structures and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children | Acta Paediatr | Cross-sectional | 9–10 |
224 | 2023 | Öğütlü H, Karatekin Ş, Sürücü Kara İ, McNicholas F | Sluggish cognitive tempo, eating habits, and daytime sleepiness in obese adolescents | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 10–17 |
225 | 2023 | Öğütlü H, Kaşak M, Doğan U, Atasoy S, Mcnicholas F | Psychometric properties of the turkish version of the child and adolescent behavior ınventory sluggish cognitive tempo scale (CABI-SCT) in children and adolescents | Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry | Cross-sectional | 6–18 |
226 | 2023 | Russell KMH, Redmond SM, Ash AC | Psycholinguistic profiling of children with sluggish cognitive tempo | Clin Linguist Phon | Cross-sectional | 6–10 |
227 | 2023 | Scaini S, Medda E, Battaglia M, De Giuli G, Stazi MA, D'Ippolito C, Fagnani C | A twin study of the relationships between cognitive disengagement syndrome and anxiety phenotypes in childhood and adolescence | Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol | Cross-sectional | 8–18 |
228 | 2023 | Simpson TS, Leopold DR, Wilson PE, Peterson RL | Cognitive disengagement syndrome in pediatric spina bifida | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 5–19 |
229 | 2023 | Tahıllıoğlu A, Çelik D, Huseynova S, Satar A, Ercan ES | The association between autistic-like traits and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in children with ADHD | International Journal of Developmental Disabilities | Mixed | 6–14 |
230 | 2023 | Tamm L, Epstein JN, Orban SA, Kofler MJ, Peugh JL, Becker SP | Neurocognition in children with cognitive disengagement syndrome: accurate but slow | Child Neuropsychol | Cross-sectional | 8–12 |
231 | 2023 | Uytun MC, Yurumez E, Babayigit TM, Efendi GY, Kilic BG, Oztop DB | Sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms cooccurring with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Retrospective | 6–18 |
232 | 2023 | Uzun Cicek A, Celik N | Cognitive disengagement syndrome in children with type 1 diabetes: important implications for clinical outcomes | Acta Diabetol | Experimental | 8–14 |
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Kaçmaz, C., Çelik, O.T., Sağlam, M. et al. Bibliometric Trends and Thematic Areas in Research on Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome in Children: A Comprehensive Review. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 52, 671–711 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01164-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01164-8