SpringerLink
Log in

The regulating effect of curcumin on NF-κB pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of the underlying mechanisms

  • Review
  • Published:
Inflammopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are part of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders that indicate their presence with neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and increased oxidative stress. Several pathophysiological factors and biomarkers are involved in this inflammatory process causing these neurological disorders. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is an inflammation element, which induced transcription and appears to be one of the important players in physiological procedures, especially nervous disorders. NF-κB can impact upon series of intracellular actions and induce or inhibit many inflammation-related pathways. Multiple reports have focused on the modification of NF-κB activity, controlling its expression, translocation, and signaling pathway in neurodegenerative disorders and injuries like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), spinal cord injuries (SCI), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Curcumin has been noted to be a popular anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory substance and is the foremost natural compound produced by turmeric. According to various studies, when playing an anti-inflammatory role, it interacts with several modulating proteins of long-standing disease signaling pathways and has an unprovocative consequence on pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review article determined to figure out curcumin’s role in limiting the promotion of neurodegenerative disease via influencing the NF-κB signaling route. Preclinical studies were gathered from plenty of scientific platforms including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to evaluate this hypothesis. Extracted findings from the literature review explained the repressing impact of Curcumin on the NF-κB signaling pathway and, occasionally down-regulating the cytokine expression. Yet, there is an essential need for further analysis and specific clinical experiments to fully understand this subject.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

MPP+:

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion

SNCA:

A-Synuclein

AD:

Alzheimer disease

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ApoE4-Tg:

ApoE4 transgenic

APOE4:

Apolipoprotein E4

BMS:

Basso mouse scale

BACE1:

Beta-Secretase 1

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CAMKII:

Calcium–calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II

CREB:

CAMP response element-binding protein

CAT:

Catalase

CNS:

Central nervous system

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

CSPG:

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan

Co-Q10:

Coenzyme Q10

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CXCL10:

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

DAMP:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

DCM:

Diabetic cardiomyopathy

DR:

Diabetic retinopathy

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

EMSA:

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GSH:

Glutathione

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase 1

HTT:

Huntingtin protein

HD:

Huntington’s disease

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IRF3:

Interferon regulatory factor 3

IL:

Interleukin

i.p.:

Intraperitoneal

IP:

Intra-peritoneal

IV:

Intravenous

Iba1:

Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1

IKKβ:

IκB Kinase β

KM:

Kun-Ming

LRRK2:

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2

LBD:

Lewy body dementia

LTP:

Like long-term potentiation

LUBAC:

Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharides

LOX:

Lipoxygenase

LTD:

Long-term depression

LUBAC:

Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex

MIP-1α:

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

MnSOD:

Manganese superoxide dismutase

MEM:

Memantine

MCAO:

Middle cerebral artery occlusion

mEPSCs:

Miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MKK6:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response 88

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

ND:

Neurodegenerative disease

NO:

Nitric oxide

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

OPTN:

Optineurin

p38MAPK:

P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PO:

Per os

Prdx6:

Peroxiredoxin6

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase

PSD-95:

Postsynaptic density protein 95

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

PSEN:

Presenilin

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

Akt:

Protein kinase B

AP-1:

Activator protein 1

PKC-δ:

Protein kinase C-delta

PINK1:

PTEN-induced putative kinase 1

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RANTES:

Regulated upon Activation Normal T Cell Expressed, and Secreted

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SCO:

Scopolamine hydrobromide

SNP:

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SPAR:

Spine-associated Rap GTPase-activating protein

SOX9:

SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9

SN:

Substantia nigra

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TDP-43:

TAR DNA-binding protein 43

TAK1:

TGF-b-activated kinase 1

TJ:

Tight junction protein

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TIRF:

Transmucosal immediate-release fentanyl

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TREM2:

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2

Tau:

Tubulin-associated unit

TRAF6:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

ZO-1:

Zonula occludens 1

α-SMA:

α-Smooth muscle actin

Aβ:

β-Amyloid peptides

APACHE:

Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation

ADAS-Cog:

Alzheimer’s disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale

ADCS-ADL:

Alzheimer’s disease Cooperative society Study-Activities of Daily Living

References

  • Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB (2009) Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:40–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal BB, Sung B (2009) Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: an age-old spice with modern targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30:85–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi M, Agah E, Nafissi S, Jaafari MR, Harirchian MH, Sarraf P, Faghihi-Kashani S, Hosseini SJ, Ghoreishi A, Aghamollaii V, Hosseini M, Tafakhori A (2018) Safety and efficacy of nanocurcumin as add-on therapy to riluzole in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Neurotherapeutics 15:430–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB (2007) Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm 4:807–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anand P, Sundaram C, Jhurani S, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB (2008a) Curcumin and cancer: an “old-age” disease with an “age-old” solution. Cancer Lett 267:133–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anand P, Thomas SG, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Sung B, Tharakan ST, Misra K, Priyadarsini IK, Rajasekharan KN, Aggarwal BB (2008b) Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother Nature. Biochem Pharmacol 76:1590–1611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Mohammadinejad R, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S (2020) Curcumin activates the Nrf2 pathway and induces cellular protection against oxidative injury. Curr Mol Med 20:116–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basnet P, Skalko-Basnet N (2011) Curcumin: an anti-inflammatory molecule from a curry spice on the path to cancer treatment. Molecules 16:4567–4598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bates GP, Dorsey R, Gusella JF, Hayden MR, Kay C, Leavitt BR, Nance M, Ross CA, Scahill RI, Wetzel R (2015) Huntington disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, Kwok T, Lui V, Tsoh J, Lam L, Leung V, Hui E, Ng C, Woo J, Chiu HF, Goggins WB, Zee BC, Cheng KF, Fong CY, Wong A, Mok H, Chow MS, Ho PC, Ip SP, Ho CS, Yu XW, Lai CY, Chan MH, Szeto S, Chan IH, Mok V (2008) Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28:110–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bečanović K, Nørremølle A, Neal SJ, Kay C, Collins JA, Arenillas D, Lilja T, Gaudenzi G, Manoharan S, Doty CN, Beck J, Lahiri N, Portales-Casamar E, Warby SC, Connolly C, de Souza RA, Tabrizi SJ, Hermanson O, Langbehn DR, Hayden MR, Wasserman WW, Leavitt BR (2015) A SNP in the HTT promoter alters NF-κB binding and is a bidirectional genetic modifier of Huntington disease. Nat Neurosci 18:807–816

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender K, Göttlicher M, Whiteside S, Rahmsdorf HJ, Herrlich P (1998) Sequential DNA damage-independent and -dependent activation of NF-kappaB by UV. Embo j 17:5170–5181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Béraud D, Maguire-Zeiss KA (2012) Misfolded α-synuclein and Toll-like receptors: therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18(Suppl 1):S17-20

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat A, Mahalakshmi AM, Ray B, Tuladhar S, Hediyal TA, Manthiannem E, Padamati J, Chandra R, Chidambaram SB, Sakharkar MK (2019) Benefits of curcumin in brain disorders. BioFactors 45:666–689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bland AR, Ashton JC, Kamal MA, Sahebkar A (2023) The current evidence for the therapeutic role of curcumin in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 22:318–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boersma MC, Dresselhaus EC, de Biase LM, Mihalas AB, Bergles DE, Meffert MK (2011) A requirement for nuclear factor-kappaB in developmental and plasticity-associated synaptogenesis. J Neurosci 31:5414–5425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonizzi G, Bebien M, Otero DC, Johnson-Vroom KE, Cao Y, Vu D, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ, Ghosh G, Rickert RC, Karin M (2004) Activation of IKKalpha target genes depends on recognition of specific kappaB binding sites by RelB:p52 dimers. Embo j 23:4202–4210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braak H, Rüb U, Gai WP, del Tredici K (2003) Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen. J Neural Transm (vienna) 110:517–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chahine LM, Merchant K, Siderowf A, Sherer T, Tanner C, Marek K, Simuni T (2023) Proposal for a biologic staging system of Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 13:297–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chami L, Buggia-Prévot V, Duplan E, del Prete D, Chami M, Peyron JF, Checler F (2012) Nuclear factor-κB regulates βAPP and β- and γ-secretases differently at physiological and supraphysiological Aβ concentrations. J Biol Chem 287:24573–24584

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chhunchha B, Fatma N, Kubo E, Rai P, Singh SP, Singh DP (2013) Curcumin abates hypoxia-induced oxidative stress based-ER stress-mediated cell death in mouse hippocampal cells (HT22) by controlling Prdx6 and NF-κB regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 304:C636–C655

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiarini A, Armato U, Hu P, Dal Prà I (2020) Danger-sensing/patten recognition receptors and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci 21:9036

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cho IH, Hong J, Suh EC, Kim JH, Lee H, Lee JE, Lee S, Kim CH, Kim DW, Jo EK, Lee KE, Karin M, Lee SJ (2008) Role of microglial IKKbeta in kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. Brain 131:3019–3033

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daverey A, Agrawal SK (2020) Curcumin protects against white matter injury through NF-κB and Nrf2 cross talk. J Neurotrauma 37:1255–1265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Strooper B, Karran E (2016) The cellular phase of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell 164:603–615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demaagd G, Philip A (2015) Parkinson’s disease and its management: part 1: disease entity, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis. P t 40:504–532

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dolati S, Babaloo Z, Ayromlou H, Ahmadi M, Rikhtegar R, Rostamzadeh D, Roshangar L, Nouri M, Mehdizadeh A, Younesi V, Yousefi M (2019) Nanocurcumin improves regulatory T-cell frequency and function in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 327:15–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolatshahi M, Ranjbar Hameghavandi MH, Sabahi M, Rostamkhani S (2021) Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in pathophysiology of Parkinson disease: diverse patterns and mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 54:4101–4123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dresselhaus EC, Meffert MK (2019) Cellular specificity of NF-κB function in the nervous system. Front Immunol 10:1043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth EA, Butler T, Collier L, Collier S, Pennypacker KR (2006) NF-kappaB protects neurons from ischemic injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Brain Res 1088:167–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Sedaghat M (2019) The impact of curcumin and its modified formulations on Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Physiol 234:16953–16965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fridmacher V, Kaltschmidt B, Goudeau B, Ndiaye D, Rossi FM, Pfeiffer J, Kaltschmidt C, Israël A, Mémet S (2003) Forebrain-specific neuronal inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity leads to loss of neuroprotection. J Neurosci 23:9403–9408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fu ES, Zhang YP, Sagen J, Candiotti KA, Morton PD, Liebl DJ, Bethea JR, Brambilla R (2010) Transgenic inhibition of glial NF-kappa B reduces pain behavior and inflammation after peripheral nerve injury. Pain 148:509–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fu W, Zhuang W, Zhou S, Wang X (2015) Plant-derived neuroprotective agents in Parkinson’s disease. Am J Transl Res 7:1189–1202

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao F, Shen J, Zhao L, Hao Q, Yang Y (2019) Curcumin alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated neuroinflammation via modulation of miR-199b-5p/IκB Kinase β (IKKβ)/Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in microglia. Med Sci Monit 25:9801–9810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Alloza M, Borrelli LA, Rozkalne A, Hyman BT, Bacskai BJ (2007) Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurochem 102:1095–1104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatto EM, Rojas NG, Persi G, Etcheverry JL, Cesarini ME, Perandones C (2020) Huntington disease: advances in the understanding of its mechanisms. Clin Park Relat Disord 3:100056

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanaatian N, Lashgari NA, Abdolghaffari AH, Rajaee SM, Panahi Y, Barreto GE, Butler AE, Sahebkar A (2019) Curcumin as a therapeutic candidate for multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and targets. J Cell Physiol 234:12237–12248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giacomeli R, Izoton JC, dos Santos RB, Boeira SP, Jesse CR, Haas SE (2019) Neuroprotective effects of curcumin lipid-core nanocapsules in a model Alzheimer’s disease induced by β-amyloid 1–42 peptide in aged female mice. Brain Res 1721:146325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green KL, Gatto GJ, Grant KA (1997) The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) does not produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21:483–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grynkiewicz G, Ślifirski P (2012) Curcumin and curcuminoids in quest for medicinal status. Acta Biochim Pol 59:201–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, Cruchaga C, Sassi C, Kauwe JS, Younkin S, Hazrati L, Collinge J, Pocock J, Lashley T, Williams J, Lambert JC, Amouyel P, Goate A, Rademakers R, Morgan K, Powell J, St George-HyslopSingletonHardy PPJ (2013) TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 368:117–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heissmeyer V, Krappmann D, Wulczyn FG, Scheidereit C (1999) NF-kappaB p105 is a target of IkappaB kinases and controls signal induction of Bcl-3-p50 complexes. Embo j 18:4766–4778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao HY, Chen YC, Chen HM, Tu PH, Chern Y (2013) A critical role of astrocyte-mediated nuclear factor-κB-dependent inflammation in Huntington’s disease. Hum Mol Genet 22:1826–1842

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Chen C, Zhang X, Li X, Chen Z, Yang C, Liang X, Zhu G, Xu Z (2018) Neuroprotective effect of curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion via mediating autophagy and inflammation. J Mol Neurosci 64:129–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang P, Zheng N, Zhou HB, Huang J (2020) Curcumin inhibits BACE1 expression through the interaction between ERβ and NFκB signaling pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Mol Cell Biochem 463:161–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones SV, Kounatidis I (2017) Nuclear factor-kappa B and Alzheimer disease, unifying genetic and environmental risk factors from cell to humans. Front Immunol 8:1805

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C (2015) NF-KappaB in long-term memory and structural plasticity in the adult mammalian brain. Front Mol Neurosci 8:69

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltschmidt B, Uherek M, Wellmann H, Volk B, Kaltschmidt C (1999) Inhibition of NF-kappaB potentiates amyloid beta-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:9409–9414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaltschmidt B, Widera D, Kaltschmidt C (2005) Signaling via NF-kappaB in the nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1745:287–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang G, Kong PJ, Yuh YJ, Lim SY, Yim SV, Chun W, Kim SS (2004) Curcumin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by inhibiting activator protein 1 and nuclear factor kappab bindings in BV2 microglial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 94:325–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khayatan D, Razavi SM, Arab ZN, Niknejad AH, Nouri K, Momtaz S, Gumpricht E, Jamialahmadi T, Abdolghaffari AH, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A (2022) Protective effects of curcumin against traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 154:113621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoshnan A, Ko J, Watkin EE, Paige LA, Reinhart PH, Patterson PH (2004) Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex and nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to mutant huntingtin neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 24:7999–8008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kou J, Wang M, Shi J, Zhang H, Pu X, Song S, Yang C, Yan Y, Döring Y, **e X, Pang X (2021) Curcumin reduces cognitive deficits by inhibiting neuroinflammation through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice. ACS Omega 6:6654–6662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Thakur MK (2016) Binding of transcription factors to Presenilin 1 and 2 promoter cis-acting elements varies during the development of mouse cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett 628:98–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Chetia H, Sharma S, Kabiraj D, Talukdar NC, Bora U (2015a) Curcumin resource database. Database (oxford). https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav070

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Sharma S, Prashar A, Deshmukh R (2015b) Effect of licofelone–a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in rats. J Mol Neurosci 55:749–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Singh A, Kumar A, Kumar R, Pal R, Sachan AK, Dixit RK, Nath R (2023) Effect of curcumin and coenzyme Q10 alone and in combination on learning and memory in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomedicines 11:1422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kyrargyri V, Vega-Flores G, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Probert L (2015) Differential contributions of microglial and neuronal IKKβ to synaptic plasticity and associative learning in alert behaving mice. Glia 63:549–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahiri DK (2004) Apolipoprotein E as a target for develo** new therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease based on studies from protein, RNA, and regulatory region of the gene. J Mol Neurosci 23:225–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Niu M, Zhao A, Kang W, Chen Z, Luo N, Zhou L, Zhu X, Lu L, Liu J (2019) CXCL12 is involved in α-synuclein-triggered neuroinflammation of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 16:263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZJ, Li ZH, Liu L, Tang WX, Wang Y, Dong MR, **ao C (2016) Curcumin attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neuroinflammation via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma function in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol 7:261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Machova Urdzikova L, Karova K, Ruzicka J, Kloudova A, Shannon C, Dubisova J, Murali R, Kubinova S, Sykova E, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Jendelova P (2015) The anti-inflammatory compound curcumin enhances locomotor and sensory recovery after spinal cord injury in rats by immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 17:49

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcora E, Kennedy MB (2010) The Huntington’s disease mutation impairs Huntingtin’s role in the transport of NF-κB from the synapse to the nucleus. Hum Mol Genet 19:4373–4384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Masrori P, van Damme P (2020) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review. Eur J Neurol 27:1918–1929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson MP, Camandola S (2001) NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J Clin Invest 107:247–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mead RJ, Shan N, Reiser HJ, Marshall F, Shaw PJ (2023) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a neurodegenerative disorder poised for successful therapeutic translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 22:185–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon VP, Sudheer AR (2007) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 595:105–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meschede J, Šadić M, Furthmann N, Miedema T, Sehr DA, Müller-Rischart AK, Bader V, Berlemann LA, Pilsl A, Schlierf A, Barkovits K, Kachholz B, Rittinger K, Ikeda F, Marcus K, Schaefer L, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF (2020) The parkin-coregulated gene product PACRG promotes TNF signaling by stabilizing LUBAC. Sci Signal 13:1256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier A, Latrémolière A, Dominguez E, Mauborgne A, Philippe S, Hamon M, Mallet J, Benoliel JJ, Pohl M (2007) Lentiviral-mediated targeted NF-κB blockade in dorsal spinal cord glia attenuates sciatic nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in the rat. Mol Ther 15:687–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mincheva S, Garcera A, Gou-Fabregas M, Encinas M, Dolcet X, Soler RM (2011) The canonical nuclear factor-κB pathway regulates cell survival in a developmental model of spinal cord motoneurons. J Neurosci 31:6493–6503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mincheva-Tasheva S, Soler RM (2013) NF-κB signaling pathways: role in nervous system physiology and pathology. Neuroscientist 19:175–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ni H, ** W, Zhu T, Wang J, Yuan B, Jiang J, Liang W, Ma Z (2015) Curcumin modulates TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. J Spinal Cord Med 38:199–206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nocito MC, de Luca A, Prestia F, Avena P, la Padula D, Zavaglia L, Sirianni R, Casaburi I, Puoci F, Chimento A, Pezzi V (2021) Antitumoral activities of curcumin and recent advances to improve its oral bioavailability. Biomedicines 9:1476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nurmi A, Lindsberg PJ, Koistinaho M, Zhang W, Juettler E, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Weih F, Frank N, Schwaninger M, Koistinaho J (2004) Nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to infarction after permanent focal ischemia. Stroke 35:987–991

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahony A, Raber J, Montano M, Foehr E, Han V, Lu SM, Kwon H, Lefevour A, Chakraborty-Sett S, Greene WC (2006) NF-kappaB/Rel regulates inhibitory and excitatory neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Mol Cell Biol 26:7283–7298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Riordan KJ, Huang IC, Pizzi M, Spano P, Boroni F, Egli R, Desai P, Fitch O, Malone L, Ahn HJ, Liou HC, Sweatt JD, Levenson JM (2006) Regulation of nuclear factor kappaB in the hippocampus by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurosci 26:4870–4879

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ouali Alami N, Schurr C, Olde Heuvel F, Tang L, Li Q, Tasdogan A, Kimbara A, Nettekoven M, Ottaviani G, Raposo C, Röver S, Rogers-Evans M, Rothenhäusler B, Ullmer C, Fingerle J, Grether U, Knuesel I, Boeckers TM, Ludolph A, Wirth T, Roselli F, Baumann B (2018) NF-κB activation in astrocytes drives a stage-specific beneficial neuroimmunological response in ALS. EMBO J 37:e98697

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Owens R, Grabert K, Davies CL, Alfieri A, Antel JP, Healy LM, McColl BW (2017) Divergent neuroinflammatory regulation of microglial TREM expression and involvement of NF-κB. Front Cell Neurosci 11:56

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Panicker N, Sarkar S, Harischandra DS, Neal M, Kam TI, ** H, Saminathan H, Langley M, Charli A, Samidurai M, Rokad D, Ghaisas S, Pletnikova O, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A (2019) Fyn kinase regulates misfolded α-synuclein uptake and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. J Exp Med 216:1411–1430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Panicker N, Ge P, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2021) The cell biology of Parkinson’s disease. J Cell Biol 220:12095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson J (2002) An essay on the shaking palsy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14:223–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pivari F, Mingione A, Brasacchio C, Soldati L (2019) Curcumin and type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevention and treatment. Nutrients 11:1837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad S, Katta MR, Abhishek S, Sridhar R, Valisekka SS, Hameed M, Kaur J, Walia N (2023) Recent advances in Lewy body dementia: a comprehensive review. Dis Mon 69:101441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priyadarsini KI (2014) The chemistry of curcumin: from extraction to therapeutic agent. Molecules 19:20091–20112

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rachmawati H, Al Shaal L, Müller RH, Keck CM (2013) Development of curcumin nanocrystal: physical aspects. J Pharm Sci 102:204–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ransohoff RM (2016) How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration. Science 353:777–783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich N, Hölscher C (2022) The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: an in-depth review. Front Neurosci 16:970925

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ringman JM, Frautschy SA, Teng E, Begum AN, Bardens J, Beigi M, Gylys KH, Badmaev V, Heath DD, Apostolova LG, Porter V, Vanek Z, Marshall GA, Hellemann G, Sugar C, Masterman DL, Montine TJ, Cummings JL, Cole GM (2012) Oral curcumin for Alzheimer’s disease: tolerability and efficacy in a 24-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Alzheimers Res Ther 4:43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rojo AI, Salinas M, Martín D, Perona R, Cuadrado A (2004) Regulation of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase expression via the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and nuclear factor-kappaB. J Neurosci 24:7324–7334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Perera LM, Schneider L, Windmöller BA, Müller J, Greiner JFW, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B (2018) NF-κB p65 directs sex-specific neuroprotection in human neurons. Sci Rep 8:16012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Ullrich R, Mémet S, Lilienbaum A, Feuillard J, Raphaël M, Israel A (1996) NF-kappaB activity in transgenic mice: developmental regulation and tissue specificity. Development 122:2117–2128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwaninger M, Inta I, Herrmann O (2006) NF-kappaB signalling in cerebral ischaemia. Biochem Soc Trans 34:1291–1294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shadnoush M, Zahedi H, Norouzy A, Sahebkar A, Sadeghi O, Najafi A, Hosseini S, Qorbani M, Ahmadi A, Ardehali SH, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ (2020) Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on serum adipokines in critically ill patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 34:3180–3188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanmugam MK, Rane G, Kanchi MM, Arfuso F, Chinnathambi A, Zayed ME, Alharbi SA, Tan BK, Kumar AP, Sethi G (2015) The multifaceted role of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment. Molecules 20:2728–2769

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharifi-Rad J, Rayess YE, Rizk AA, Sadaka C, Zgheib R, Zam W, Sestito S, Rapposelli S, Neffe-Skocińska K, Zielińska D, Salehi B, Setzer WN, Dosoky NS, Taheri Y, el Beyrouthy M, Martorell M, Ostrander EA, Suleria HAR, Cho WC, Maroyi A, Martins N (2020) Turmeric and Its Major Compound Curcumin on Health: Bioactive Effects and Safety Profiles for Food, Pharmaceutical. Biotechnol Med Appl Front Pharmacol 11:01021

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma N, Sharma S, Nehru B (2017) Curcumin protects dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated damage and improves motor dysfunction induced by single intranigral lipopolysaccharide injection. Inflammopharmacology 25:351–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snow WM, Albensi BC (2016) Neuronal gene targets of NF-κB and their dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 9:118

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner JA, Quansah E, Brundin P (2018) The concept of alpha-synuclein as a prion-like protein: ten years after. Cell Tissue Res 373:161–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun SC (2011) Non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Res 21:71–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun G, Miao Z, Ye Y, Zhao P, Fan L, Bao Z, Tu Y, Li C, Chao H, Xu X, Ji J (2020) Curcumin alleviates neuroinflammation, enhances hippocampal neurogenesis, and improves spatial memory after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 162:84–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun E, Motolani A, Campos L, Lu T (2022) The pivotal role of NF-kB in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci 23:8972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swarup V, Phaneuf D, Dupré N, Petri S, Strong M, Kriz J, Julien JP (2011) Deregulation of TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis triggers nuclear factor κB-mediated pathogenic pathways. J Exp Med 208:2429–2447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takano H, Gusella JF (2002) The predominantly HEAT-like motif structure of huntingtin and its association and coincident nuclear entry with dorsal, an NF-kB/Rel/dorsal family transcription factor. BMC Neurosci 3:15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka Y, Sabharwal L, Ota M, Nakagawa I, Jiang JJ, Arima Y, Ogura H, Okochi M, Ishii M, Kamimura D, Murakami M (2018) Presenilin 1 regulates NF-κB activation via association with breakpoint cluster region and casein kinase II. J Immunol 201:2256–2263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thawkar BS, Kaur G (2019) Inhibitors of NF-κB and P2X7/NLRP3/Caspase 1 pathway in microglia: novel therapeutic opportunities in neuroinflammation induced early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroimmunol 326:62–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen MB, Foster E, Nguyen KH, Sosunov EA (2009) Transcriptional and electrophysiological consequences of KChIP2-mediated regulation of CaV1.2. Channels (austin) 3:308–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thota RN, Rosato JI, Dias CB, Burrows TL, Martins RN, Garg ML (2020) Dietary supplementation with curcumin reduce circulating levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and islet amyloid polypeptide in adults with high risk of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrients 12:1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Zhang Q, Yuan L, Wang S, Liu L, Yang X, Li G, Liu D (2014) The effects of curcumin on depressive-like behavior in mice after lipopolysaccharide administration. Behav Brain Res 274:282–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Kou J, Wang C, Yu X, **e X, Pang X (2020) Curcumin inhibits APOE4-induced injury by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in SH-SY5Y cells. Iran J Basic Med Sci 23:1576–1583

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Kaczmar A, Gandhi S, Wood NW (2006) Understanding the molecular causes of Parkinson’s disease. Trends Mol Med 12:521–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • **e P, Deng M, Sun Q, Jiang B, Xu H, Liu J, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Chen Z (2020) Curcumin protects BV2 cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced injury via adjusting the miR-362-3p/TLR4 axis. Mol Biol Rep 47:4199–4208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Hao LP, Yu J, Cheng SY, Li F, Ding SM, Zhang R (2023) Curcumin protects against rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice by inhibiting microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction. Heliyon 9:e16195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Zhang D, Yang Z, Hu X, Qian S, Liu J, Wilson B, Block M, Hong JS (2008) Curcumin protects dopaminergic neuron against LPS induced neurotoxicity in primary rat neuron/glia culture. Neurochem Res 33:2044–2053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Huang S, Wei Y, Cao S, Pi C, Feng T, Liang J, Zhao L, Ren G (2017) Curcumin enhances the anticancer effect Of 5-fluorouracil against gastric cancer through down-regulation of COX-2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Cancer 8:3697–3706

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ying H, Yue BY (2012) Cellular and molecular biology of optineurin. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 294:223–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu DS, Cao Y, Mei XF, Wang YF, Fan ZK, Wang YS, Lv G (2014) Curcumin improves the integrity of blood-spinal cord barrier after compressive spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurol Sci 346:51–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu S, Wang X, He X, Wang Y, Gao S, Ren L, Shi Y (2016) Curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-stimulated mesencephalic astrocytes by interference with TLR4 and downstream signaling pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 21:697–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Zou M, **ang X, Zhu H, Chu W, Liu W, Chen F, Lin J (2015) Curcumin improves neural function after spinal cord injury by the joint inhibition of the intracellular and extracellular components of glial scar. J Surg Res 195:235–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Liu W, Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li L, Chu W, Wen Z, Feng H, Lin J (2017) Curcumin inhibits glial scar formation by suppressing astrocyte-induced inflammation and fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 1655:90–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahedi H, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Shadnoush M, Sahebkar A, Barkhidarian B, Sadeghi O, Najafi A, Hosseini S, Qorbani M, Ahmadi A, Ardehali SH, Norouzy A (2021) Effects of curcuminoids on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 35:4605–4615

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N, Wei G, Ye J, Yang L, Hong Y, Liu G, Zhong H, Cai X (2017) Effect of curcumin on acute spinal cord injury in mice via inhibition of inflammation and TAK1 pathway. Pharmacol Rep 69:1001–1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Zheng Y, Luo Y, Du Y, Zhang X, Fu J (2019) Curcumin inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M2 polarization via TREM2/ TLR4/ NF-κB pathways in BV2 cells. Mol Immunol 116:29–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support was received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Niusha Esmaealzadeh

  2. Traditional Persian Medicine and Complementary Medicine (PerCoMed) Student Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Niusha Esmaealzadeh

  3. GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Niusha Esmaealzadeh, Mahdis Sadat Miri, Helia Mavaddat, Amirreza Peyrovinasab, Sara Ghasemi Zargar, Shirin Sirous Kabiri, Seyed Mehrad Razavi & Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari

  4. Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran

    Mahdis Sadat Miri, Helia Mavaddat, Amirreza Peyrovinasab, Sara Ghasemi Zargar, Shirin Sirous Kabiri, Seyed Mehrad Razavi & Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari

Authors
  1. Niusha Esmaealzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahdis Sadat Miri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Helia Mavaddat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amirreza Peyrovinasab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sara Ghasemi Zargar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shirin Sirous Kabiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Seyed Mehrad Razavi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Niusha Esmaealzadeh: data curation, writing- original draft preparation. Mahdis Sadat Miri: data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Helia Mavvadat: data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Amirreza Peyrovinasab: data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Sara Ghasemi Zargar: data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Shirin Sirous Kabiri: data curation, writing—original draft preparation. Seyed Mehrad Razavi: conceptualization, methodology, reviewing and editing, supervision. Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari: conceptualization, reviewing and editing, supervision.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Seyed Mehrad Razavi or Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Esmaealzadeh, N., Miri, M., Mavaddat, H. et al. The regulating effect of curcumin on NF-κB pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of the underlying mechanisms. Inflammopharmacol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01492-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01492-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation