Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungal phytopathogen capable of infecting many economically important crops and vegetables. The dinitroaniline fungicide fluazinam had not been registered for control of S. sclerotiorum in China until April 2014. In this study, control efficacy of fluazinam was determined and baseline sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum to this fungicide was established based on EC50 values of 150 isolates sampled from different regions of China in 2013. Results showed that the frequency distribution of fluazinam EC50 values was a unimodal curve with a mean EC50 value of 0.0019 ± 0.0013 (SD) μg/ml and a range of individual EC50 values from 0.0004 to 0.0056 μg/ml. Applied as a preventive fungicide in pot experiments, fluazinam at 2, 8 and 32 μg/ml provided control efficacies of 39, 88 and 100 %, respectively, which were much higher than those of dimethachlon. Curative control efficacy of fluazinam was significantly lower than its preventive control efficacy. There was no positive cross-resistance between fluazinam and carbendazim or dimethachlon. These results indicate that fluazinam is highly effective and should be used as a preventive rather than curative fungicide for control of S. sclerotiorum. In addition, no significant correlation (P = 0.245) was found between EC50 values for fluazinam and those for pyraclostrobin. No significant correlation (P = 0.350) between fluazinam EC50 values and levels of virulence to oilseed rape plants was detected, either, whereas there was a significantly negative correlation (P = 0.009, r = −0.562) between fluazinam EC50 values and mycelial growth on PDA media.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10658-015-0644-5/MediaObjects/10658_2015_644_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10658-015-0644-5/MediaObjects/10658_2015_644_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10658-015-0644-5/MediaObjects/10658_2015_644_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10658-015-0644-5/MediaObjects/10658_2015_644_Fig4_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anema, P. E., & Bouwman, J. J. (1992). Fluazinam a novel fungicide for use against Phytophthora infestans in potatoes. In: Proceedings / Brighton crop protection conference, pests and diseases. (pp. 663–668). Farnham, Surrey.
Boland, G. J., & Hall, R. (1994). Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 16, 93–108.
Bolton, D. M., Thomma, B. P., & Nelson, B. D. (2006). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de Bray: biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7, 1–16.
Brent, K. J., & Hollomon, D. W. (2007). Fungicide resistance: the assessment of risk. FRAC Monograph No. 2. (2nd Editon). FRAC, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.frac.info/publication/anhang/FRAC_Mono2_2007.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2014.
Butzler, T. M., Bailey, J. E., & Beute, M. K. (1998). Integrated management of Sclerotinia blight in peanut: utilizing canopy morphology, mechanical pruning, and fungicide timing. Plant Disease, 82, 1312–1318.
FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee). (2014). FRAC Code List 2014: Fungicide sorted by mode of action. http://www.frac.info/publication/anhang/2014%20FRAC%20Code%20List.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2014.
Korolev, N., Mamiev, M., Zahavi, T., & Elad, Y. (2009). Resistance to fungicides among Botrytis cinerea isolates from tomato and other hosts in Israel. Acta Horticulturae, 808, 367–376.
Kuang, J., Hou, Y. P., Wang, J. X., & Zhou, M. G. (2011a). Sensitivity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to fludioxonil: In vitro determination of baseline sensitivity and resistance risk. Crop Protection, 30, 876–882.
Kuang, J., Wang, J. X., & Zhou, M. G. (2011b). Monitoring carbendazim and dimethachlon resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum obtained from the blight stems of rape in Jiangsu Province. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 27, 285–291.
Lemay, A. V., Bailey, J. E., & Shew, B. B. (2002). Resistance of peanut to Sclerotinia blight and the effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl and fluazinam on disease incidence. Plant Disease, 86, 1315–1317.
Li, J. L., Liu, X. Y., Di, Y. L., & Zhu, F. X. (2015). Baseline sensitivity and control efficacy of DMI fungicide epoxiconazole against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 141, 237–246.
Liu, X., Yin, Y., Yan, L., Michailides, T. J., & Ma, Z. (2009). Sensitivity to iprodione and boscalid of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates collected from rapeseed in China. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 95, 106–112.
Ma, H. X., Feng, X. J., Chen, Y., Chen, C. J., & Zhou, M. G. (2009). Occurrence and characterization of dimethachlon insensitivity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Jiangsu Province of China. Plant Disease, 93, 36–42.
Matheron, M. E., & Porchas, M. (2004). Activity of boscalid, fenhexamid, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and vinclozolin on growth of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum and development of lettuce drop. Plant Disease, 88, 665–668.
Pan, Y. L. (1998). The resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of rape to carbendazim and its management. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Science, 14, 159–163.
Pasche, J. S., Wharam, C. M., & Gudmestad, N. C. (2004). Shift in sensitivity of Alternaria solani in response to QoI fungicides. Plant Disease, 88, 181–187.
Qi, Y. X., Chen, F. X., Su, X. Y., Ding, K. J., Yu, J., & Jiang, M. S. (2006). Monitoring on carbendazim resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum obtained from the blight stems of rape in Anhui Province. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 22, 371–373.
Russell, P. E. (2004). Sensitivity baselines in fungicide resistance research and management. FRAC Monograph No. 3. Brussels, Belgium. http://www.frac.info/publication/anhang/monograph3.pdf. Accessed 26 June 2014.
Shi, Z. Q., Zhou, M. G., & Ye, Z. Y. (2000). Resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to carbendazim and dimethachlon. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Science, 22, 54–57.
Smith, D. L., Garrison, M. C., Hollowell, J. E., Isleib, T. G., & Shewa, B. B. (2008). Evaluation of application timing and efficacy of the fungicides fluazinam and boscalid for control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut. Crop Protection, 27, 823–833.
Vitoratos, A. G. (2014). Mode of action and genetic analysis of resistance to fluazinam in Ustilago maydis. Journal of Phytopathology, 162, 737–746.
Wang, Y., Hou, Y. P., Chen, C. J., & Zhou, M. G. (2014). Detection of resistance in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to carbendazim and dimethachlon in Jiangsu Province of China. Australasian Plant Pathology, 43, 307–312.
Yang, L., Gao, F., Shang, L., Zhan, J., & McDonald, B. A. (2013). Association between virulence and triazole tolerance in the phytopathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59568. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059568.
Zhang, X. L., Sun, X. M., Zhang, G. F., Yi, H. J., & Qiang, Y. (2003). Preliminary report on the monitoring of the resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to carbendazim and its integrated management. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and Administration, 24, 18–22.
Zhou, F., Zhu, F. X., Zhang, X. L., & Zhang, A. S. (2014a). First report of dimethachlon resistance in field isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on oilseed rape in Shaanxi Province of northwestern China. Plant Disease, 98, 568.
Zhou, F., Zhang, X. L., Li, J. L., & Zhu, F. X. (2014b). Dimethachlon resistance in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in China. Plant Disease, 98, 1221–1226.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201103016). We are grateful to Prof. D. H. Jiang of Huazhong Agricultural University for technical supports.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liang, HJ., Di, YL., Li, JL. et al. Baseline sensitivity and control efficacy of fluazinam against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Eur J Plant Pathol 142, 691–699 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0644-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0644-5