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Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of potentially toxic metals from water, soil, and forages near coal mines of district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan

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Abstract

Water, forages, and soil contamination with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) through anthropogenic activities has become a significant environmental concern. It is crucial to find out the level of PTMs in water, soil, and forages near industrial areas. The PTMs enter the body of living organisms through these sources and have become a potential risk for humans and animals. Therefore, the present study aims at the health risk assessment of PTMs and their accumulation in soil, water, and forages of three tehsils (Kallar Kahar, Choa Saidan Shah, and Chakwal) in district Chakwal. Samples of wastewater, soil, and forages were collected from various sites of district Chakwal. PTMs detected in the present study were cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), and their levels were measured through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAs GF95 graphite furnace auto sampler). Pollution load index (PLI), bio concentration factor (BCF), soil enrichment factors (EF), daily intake value (DIM), and health risk index (HRI) in sheep, cow, and buffalo were also analyzed. The results revealed that the mean concentration (mg/L) of Cd (0.72–0.91 mg/L), Cr (1.84–2.23 mg/L), Pb (0.95–3.22 mg/L), Co (0.74–2.93 mg/L), Cu (0.84–1.96 mg/L), and Ni (1.39–4.39 mg/L) in wastewater samples was higher than permissible limits set by WHO, NEQS, WWF, USEPA, and Pakistan in all three tehsils of district Chakwal. Similarly, in soil samples, concentrations of Cd (1.21–1.95 mg/kg), Cr (38.1–56.4 mg/kg), and Ni (28.3–55.9 mg/kg) were higher than their respective threshold values. The mean concentration of PTMs in forage samples (Parthenium hysterophorus, Mentha spicata, Justicia adhatoda, Calotropis procera, Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthaceae sp.) showed that maximum values of Cd (5.35–7.55 mg/kg), Cr (5.47–7.51 mg/kg), Pb (30–36 mg/kg), and Ni (12.6–57.5 mg/kg) were beyond their safe limit set for forages. PLI, BCF, and EF were > 1.0 for almost all the PTMs. The DIM and HRI for sheep were less than < 1.0 but for cows and buffalo were > 1.0. The current study showed that soil, water, and forages near coal mines area are contaminated with PTMs which enter the food chain and pose significant harm to humans and animals. In order to prevent their dangerous concentration in the food chain, regular assessment of PTMs present in soil, forages, irrigating water, and food is recommended.

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Acknowledgements

All authors acknowledge the Quaid-i-Azam University for providing funds (URF-2019) to conduct experimental work.

Funding

Funding was provided by Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Nida Zainab, Shehzad Mehmood,  Amna Shafiq-ur-Rehman, Adeela Munir & Hassan Javed Chaudhary

  2. National Veterinary Laboratories (NVL), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Zafar Iqbal Tanveer

  3. Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

    Zaib Un Nisa

  4. Department of Environmental Sciences, Comsats University Islamabad, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan

    Shehzad Mehmood & Muhammad Imran

  5. Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Tariq Javed

  6. Department of Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara, 53900, Pakistan

    Amna Shafiq-ur-Rehman

  7. Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, 6Th Road Satellite Town, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Amna Shafiq-ur-Rehman

Authors
  1. Nida Zainab
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  2. Shehzad Mehmood
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  3. Amna Shafiq-ur-Rehman
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  4. Adeela Munir
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  5. Zafar Iqbal Tanveer
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  6. Zaib Un Nisa
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  7. Muhammad Imran
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  8. Muhammad Tariq Javed
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  9. Hassan Javed Chaudhary
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Contributions

NZ conducted whole research work and wrote the manuscript. SM helped in statistical analysis and manuscript improvement. A helped in manuscript writing and formatting. AM helped in experimental work. ZI provided the facility of atomic absorption spectrophotometer analysis. ZUN helped in statistical analysis. MI helped in manuscript improvement. MTJ helped in statistical analysis and writing manuscript. S-u-R helped in language improvement of manuscript. Dr. HJC supervised the whole experiment and Manuscript writing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hassan Javed Chaudhary.

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Zainab, N., Mehmood, S., Amna Shafiq-ur-Rehman et al. Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of potentially toxic metals from water, soil, and forages near coal mines of district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 45, 5441–5466 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01531-w

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