Log in

When Trauma Survivors with Psychosis Accuse Staff of Sexual Assault in Inpatient Psychiatric Care

  • Fresh Focus
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 05 December 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

Inpatient psychiatric settings are now known settings in which sexual assault can occur. When a trauma survivor with psychosis makes an accusation of sexual assault within an inpatient setting, staff and the institution are frequently not well equipped in how to respond. While there is scant literature on how to proceed in such dilemmas there is even more of a dearth on how to effectively provide mental health services, trauma- and culturally informed care, and how to best engage with the individual so that safety can be maintained, and treatment continue. This article seeks to convey some basic supports for institutional response, theoretical frameworks to enhance understanding and clinical skill, and shifts in care so that trauma-informed and culturally informed care can take place within these complex dynamics. The goal of this paper is to support mental health services and interdisciplinary teams in becoming more effective in navigating these complex situations so that they can honor and respect the trauma survivor and continue to be effective at providing a healing environment.

Public Significance Statement: This article offers enhanced understanding of managing risk and balancing trauma-informed care at an institutional and multi-systemic level when inpatients make allegations of sexual assault. Included in this is enhancing understanding from a theoretical framework of the traumatic experiences of clients, assessing needs and offering safety, treatment, and care, while also managing the complex dynamics and services of the organization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Change history

References

  • Anouk, L., Grubaugh, a,b,⁎, Heidi, M., Zinzow, C., Lisa, P. B., Leonard, E. Egede, A.D., & Frueh, C. (2011). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with severe mental illness: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 883–899.

  • Ashmore, T., Spangaro, J., & McNamara, L. (2015). ‘I was raped by Santa Claus’: Responding to disclosures of sexual assault in mental health inpatient facilities. International journal of mental health nursing, 24(2), 139–148.

  • Assion, H.-J., Brune, N., Schmidt, N., Aubel, T., Edel, M.-A., Basilowski, M., et al. (2009).

  • Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in bipolar disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 1041–1049.

  • Bryant, A. (2010). The complexity of complex PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 879. –881.

  • Clark, H. & Fileborn, B. (2011). Responding to women’s experiences of sexual assault in institutional and care settings. ACSCA Wrap. Melbourne, Vic.: Australian Institute of Family Studies.

  • Clarke, H. & Victorian Women and Mental Health Network (2008). Nowhere to Be Safe: Women’s Experiences of Mixed-Sex Psychiatric Wards. Melbourne, Vic.: Victorian Women and Mental Health Network.

  • Connecticut General Assembly (2018). 2013–2018 Behavioral Health Legislation Research Report. Accessed from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2018/rpt/pdf/2018-R-0165.pdf on November 28, 2019 at 5pm.

  • Connecticut Judicial Branch (2010). Connecticut Law About Commitment (Voluntary/Involuntary). Accessed from: https://www.jud.ct.gov/lawlib/law/commitment.htm on November 28, 2019.

  • Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Balustein, M., Sprague, C., Cloitre, M., DeRosa, R., Hubbard, R., Kagan, R., Liautaud, J., Karen, M., Olafson, E., & van der Kolk, B., (2007). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Focal Point, 21, 4–8.

  • Deegan, P. E., & Drake, R. E. (2006). Shared decision-making and medication management in the recovery process. Psychiatric services, 57(11), 1636–1639.

  • Frueh, B. C., Knapp, R. G., Cusack, K. J.et al. (2005). Patients’ reports of traumatic or harmful experiences within the psychiatric setting. Psychiatric Services, 56, 1123–1133.

  • Gallegos, R. A., & Hillbrand, M. (2016). Integrative treatment of complex trauma: Integrating behavioral, dynamic, and attribution models. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 26(3), 259.

  • Gold, J. (2011). Attachment theory and psychotherapy integration: An introduction and review of the literature. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 21, 221–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025490

  • Harris, M. E. & Fallot, R. D. (2001). Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. In: M. E.Harris & R. D. Fallot (Eds). Using Trauma Theory to Design Service Systems: New Directions for Mental Health Services. (p. 3–22). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

  • Hillbrand & Young. (2008). Instilling hope into forensic treatment: The antidote to despair and desperation. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 36., 90–94.

  • Vân der Hart, O., Steele, K., Boon, S. & Brow Jones, S. R., & Fernyhough, C. (2007). A New look at the Neural Diathesis–Stress Model of Schizophrenia: The Primacy of Social- Evaluative and Uncontrollable Situations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 33, 1171–1177. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl058

  • Kingdon, D. G., & Turkington, D. (2005). Cognitive therapy of schizophrenia. Guilford Press: New York, NY.

  • Landeen, J., Pawlick, J., Woodside, H., Kirkpatrick, H., & Byrne, C. (2000). Hope, quality of life, and symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23(4), 364.

  • Laugharne, R. & Priebe, S. (2006). Trust, choice and power in mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiol-ogy,41, 843–852.

  • Luce, H., Schrager, S., & Gilchrist, V. (2010). Sexual assault of women. American family physician, 81(4), 489–495.

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2019). Civil Commitment and the Mental Health Care Continuum: Historical Trends and Principles for Law and Practice. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/civil-commitment-continuum-of-care.pdf

  • Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Fox, L., Salyers, M. P., Ford, J. D., & Carty, P. (2001). Psychometric evaluation of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder assessments in persons with severe mental illness. Psychological Assessment,13(1), 110.

  • Cusack, K. J., Grubaugh, A. L., Knapp, R. G., &Frueh, B. C. (2006). Unrecognized trauma and PTSD among public mental health consumers with chronic and severe mental illness. Community mental health journal, 42(5), 487–500. Chicago.

  • Neria, Y., & Litz, B. T. (2004). Bereavement by traumatic means: The complex synergy of trauma and grief. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9(1), 73–87.

  • Berland, D. I., & Guskin, K. (1994). Patient allegations of sexual abuse against psychiatric hospital staff. General hospital psychiatry, 16(5), 335–339.

  • Bachmann, K. M., Bossi, J., Moggi, F., Stirnemann-Lewis, F., Sommer, R., & Brenner, H. D. (2000). Nurse?patient sexual contact in psychiatric hospitals. Archives of sexual behavior, 29(4), 335–347.

  • Thomas, C., Bartlett, A., & Mezey, G. C. (1995). The extent and effects of violence among psychiatric in-patients. Psychiatric Bulletin, 19(10), 600–604.

  • Foley, M., & Cummins, I. (2019). CPS guidance on prosecuting rape and sexual assault cases. The Journal of Adult Protection. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/48717/

  • Harris, M., & Fallot, R. D. (2001). Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. New directions for mental health services, 2001(89), 3–22.

  • Hamlett, N., Carr, E.R., & Hillbrand, M. (2016). Positive behavioral support planning in the inpatient treatment of severe disruptive behaviors: A description of service features. Psychological Services, 13(2), 178–182.

  • Hays, P. A. (2009). Integrating evidence-based practice, cognitive behavior therapy, and multicultural therapy: Ten steps for culturally competent practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 354.

  • Davidson, L., Rowe, M., Tondora, J., O'Connell, M. J., & Lawless, M. S. (2008). A practical guide to recovery-oriented practice: Tools for transforming mental health care. Oxford University Press.

  • Joosten, E. A., DeFuentes-Merillas, L., De Weert, G. H., Sensky, T., Van Der Staak, C. P. F., & de Jong, C. A. (2008). Systematic review of the effects of shared decision-making on patient satisfaction, treatment adherence and health status. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 77(4), 219–226.

  • Barnes, A. (2008). Race and hospital diagnoses of schizophrenia and mood disorders. Social Work, 53(4), 77–83.

  • Daumit, G. L., Crum, R. M., Guallar, E., Powe, N. R., Primm, A. B., Steinwachs, D. M., & Ford, D. E. (2003). Outpatient prescriptions for atypical antipsychotics for African Americans, Hispanics, and whites in the United States. Archives of general psychiatry, 60(2), 121–128.

  • Frost, R., Bauernfreund, Y., & Walters, K. (2019). Non-pharmacological interventions for depression/anxiety inolder adults with physical comorbidities affecting functioning: systematic review and meta-analysis. Internationalpsychogeriatrics, 31(8), 1121–1136.

  • Luxenberg, T., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Complex trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) diagnosis - Part One: Assessment. Directions in psychiatry, 21., 373–392.

  • McLindon, E. & Harms, L. (2011). Listening to mental health workers’ experiences: Factors influencing their work with women who disclose sexual assault. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20, 2–11.

  • Mueser, K. T., Goodman, L. B., Trumbetta, Rosenberg, S.D., Osher, F.C., Vidaver, R., Auciello, P., & Foy, D. W. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 66, 493.

  • Mueser, K.T., Rosenberg, S.D., & Rosenberg, H.J. (2009). Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In Special Populations: A Cognitive Restructuring Program. American Psychological Association: Washington DC.

  • Pacella, M. L., Hruska, B., & Delahanty, D. L. (2012). The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.004

  • Resnick, S. G., Bond, G. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2003). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in people with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 415–423.

  • Roe, D., Rudnick, A., & Gill, K. J. (2007). The concept of” being in recovery”. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 30(3), 171.

  • Strakowski, S.M., Lonczak, H.S., Sax, K.W., et al. (1995). The effects of race on diagnosis and disposition from a psychiatric emergency service. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 101. -7.

  • Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 401–408.

  • Wachtel, P. L. (2014). Cyclical psychodynamics and the contextual self: The inner world, the intimate world, and the world of culture and society. Routledge.

  • Walker, E. F. & Diforio, D. (1997.) Schizophrenia: A Neural Diathesis-Stress Model. Psychological Review, 104, 667–685.

  • Worell, J., & Remer, P. (2002). Feminist perspectives in therapy: Empowering diverse women. John Wiley & Sons.

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the State of Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services through its funding of the Connecticut Mental Health Center. The authors also wish to acknowledge Columbus House, Inc.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erika R. Carr.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to report.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original online version of this article was revised: the blinded text in the article has been replaced with the appropriate text.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Carr, E.R., Sebastian, D., Dike, C. et al. When Trauma Survivors with Psychosis Accuse Staff of Sexual Assault in Inpatient Psychiatric Care. Community Ment Health J 59, 409–419 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-01027-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-01027-4

Keywords

Navigation