Abstract
Purpose
One in six incident cancers in the U.S. is a second primary cancer (SPC). Although primary cancers vary considerably by race and ethnicity, little is known about the population-based occurrence of SPC across these groups.
Methods
Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 12 data and relative to the general population, we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for SPC among 2,457,756 Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asian American/Pacific Islanders (NHAAPI), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) cancer survivors aged 45 years or older when diagnosed with a first primary cancer (FPC) from 1992 to 2015.
Results
The risk of second primary bladder cancer after first primary prostate cancer was higher than expected in Hispanic (SIR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01–1.38) and NHAAPI (SIR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.20–1.65) men than NHB and NHW men. Among women with a primary breast cancer, Hispanic, NHAAPI, and NHB women had a nearly 1.5-fold higher risk of a second primary breast cancer, while NHW women had a 6% lower risk. Among men with prostate cancer whose SPC was diagnosed 2 to <12 months, NHB men were at higher risk for colorectal cancer and Hispanic and NHW men for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In the same time frame for breast cancer survivors, Hispanic and NHAAPI women were significantly more likely than NHB and NHW women to be diagnosed with a second primary lung cancer.
Conclusion
Future studies of SPC should investigate the role of shared etiologies, stage of diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle factors after cancer survival across different racial and ethnic populations.
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Data availability
Access to SEER*Stat databases is available through here: https://seer.cancer.gov/data/access.html
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Funding
This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program under contract HHSN261201800032I awarded to the University of California, San Francisco. The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Public Health pursuant to California Health and Safety Code Section 103885; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries, under cooperative agreement 1NU58DP007156; the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program under contract HHSN261201800032I awarded to the University of California, San Francisco, contract HHSN261201800015I awarded to the University of Southern California, and contract HHSN261201800009I awarded to the Public Health Institute, Cancer Registry of Greater California. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the State of California, Department of Public Health, the National Cancer Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or their Contractors and Subcontractors.
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SLP and IC designed the study and directed its execution, including quality assurance and control. VM conducted the literature review and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript. SLP, IC, DYL, and LT designed the study’s analytic strategy. DYL performed statistical analyses.
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The study was approved by UCSF Institutional Review Board.
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McGuire, V., Lichtensztajn, D.Y., Tao, L. et al. Variation in patterns of second primary malignancies across U.S. race and ethnicity groups: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) analysis. Cancer Causes Control 35, 799–815 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-023-01836-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-023-01836-2