Abstract
Studies of plant invasions have primarily focused on effects within shared habitats of native and invasive species. However, secondary compounds produced by terrestrial invasive plants can cross terrestrial-aquatic boundaries via senesced leaves, leading to altered patterns of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Impacts of phenolic compounds from senesced leaves have been characterized among relatively lower trophic groups, but effects on keystone species, such as apex predators, should have disproportionately larger effects on aquatic food webs. Using a widespread invasive species (Amur Honeysuckle, Lonicera maackii), we employed experimental mesocosms to examine effects of honeysuckle leaf litter addition on survival of apex predators (larval spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum), their zooplankton and macroinvertebrate prey, indicators of primary productivity and decomposition, and abiotic variables influenced by phenolic compounds. Despite previous laboratory observations suggesting A. maculatum might exhibit resistance to L. maackii leachates, we observed near complete loss of both A. maculatum and benthic macroinvertebrates in experimental mesocosms, while zooplankton abundance was unaffected. Mortality was likely associated with precipitous declines in dissolved oxygen following rapid decomposition of L. maackii leaves, and these conditions facilitated nearly 15-fold increases in larval mosquito abundance. Our results highlight how experimental venue and methodology may alter outcomes of investigations involving senesced leaves of invasive plants. Losses of amphibian predators under quasi-natural invasion conditions indicate important influences on terrestrial-aquatic nutrient exchange, and we highlight phenological patterns of leaf senescence and breeding by aquatic organisms as important avenues for further investigation in characterizing the consequences of plant invasions.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank S. Ecklund, J. Fenwick, K. Hoskins, A. McKnight, T. Moyers, A. Odegard, and R. Steinberger for assistance in sample collection and processing. Helpful commentary on the manuscript was provided by A. Braccia, V. Peters, D. Smith, and the anonymous reviewers. E. T. Allen assisted with counts of larval mosquitos. We also acknowledge the Division of Natural Areas at Eastern Kentucky University for providing space for mesocosms at Taylor Fork Ecological Area. All research was approved by IACUC Protocol 09-2017 from Eastern Kentucky University and collection permit SC1811118 from the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources. This study is contribution number No. 6 of Taylor Fork Ecological Area, Eastern Kentucky University.
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Equipment was provided by funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF DEB:1354787, awarded to H. H. Whiteman and C. L. Mott), and additional support was provided through a Graduate Teaching Assistantship to J. L. Berta by the Graduate School, College of STEM, and Department of Biological Sciences at Eastern Kentucky University.
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Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by JLB and CLM. The first draft of the manuscript was written by JLB, and both authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Berta, J.L., Mott, C.L. Leaves of an invasive shrub induce mass mortality of an amphibian apex predator and its macroinvertebrate prey. Biol Invasions 25, 3277–3291 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03108-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03108-1