Abstract
Little is known about gender-related stereoty** among transgender and gender expansive adults. Using the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (AIS; Glick & Fiske, 1996), we examined explicit gender attitudes in 3298 cisgender, transgender, and gender expansive respondents designated female at birth (FAB; n = 1976 cisgender, n = 108 transgender, n = 188 gender expansive) and male at birth (MAB; n = 922 cisgender, n = 52 transgender, n = 52 gender expansive). In order to learn more about implicit gender-related stereoty**, a subset of 822 participants (FAB; n = 445 cisgender, n = 32 transgender, n = 51 gender expansive. MAB; n = 254 cisgender, n = 21 transgender, n = 19 gender expansive) completed the gender-leadership Implicit Association Test (IAT; Dasgupta & Asgari, 2004). Cisgender men scored significantly higher than all other groups on hostile sexism, but patterns of endorsement for benevolent sexism and implicit attitudes were more nuanced, with cisgender women and gender expansive FAB often scoring significantly below other groups. We observed that transgender men and transgender women, along with cisgender men and gender expansive MAB, moderately endorsed essentialist views regarding differences between men and women (i.e., complementary gender differentiation). These data reveal novel patterns of gender-related stereoty**, with some corresponding to sex designated at birth and others corresponding to current gender identification. Together, these findings suggest that one’s experienced gender, designated sex at birth, and the intersection between them may relate to gender stereoty**, underscoring the importance of including transgender and gender expansive individuals in this research.
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Notes
Additional analyses were conducted controlling for sexual orientation and socially desirable responding (BIDR), and results remained consistent with the original analyses reported here. A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was also conducted, and results remained consistent with the original analyses with the exception of one pairwise comparison: on the complementary gender differentiation subfactor, cisgender women and gender expansive MAB no longer significantly differed from each other, p = .09.
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This work was supported by the Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women’s Brain Health and Aging (WJP-150643) and The Jacqueline Ford Gender and Health Fund to GE and a graduate fellowship from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to DEP.
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Schiralli, J.E., Peragine, D.E., Chasteen, A.L. et al. Explicit and Implicit Gender-Related Stereoty** in Transgender, Gender Expansive, and Cisgender Adults. Arch Sex Behav 51, 2065–2076 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02339-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02339-y