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Effect of tree form on wheat yield via changing microenvironment in almond–wheat intercrop**

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Abstract

Agroforestry systems are widely used all over the world, especially in southern ** position. Compared with monoculture wheat, the yields of intercropped wheat with DC, SC, OC, and HS were decreased by 63.7%, 18.2%, 35.4%, and 33.0%, respectively. Tree form is largely influential to PAR, red light/far-red light, temperature, and humidity in the intercropped areas. The PAR in the intercropped wheat area was SC > HS/OC > DC, and PAR was increased with the distance from the tree line. PAR correlated significantly with R/FR, mean daily temperature, and relative humidity. PAR measured for wheat at various growth and development stages had significant positive correlations with thousand kernel weight, number of spikes, kernel number per spike, and grain yield. The structural equation model revealed that the yields of wheat were affected primarily by the PAR at the flowering and filling stages, with a contribution of up to 68%. Choosing a proper tree form (i.e., SC) and pruning to increase the trunk height or to remove the center pole is important to increase the quantity of light penetration and thereby increase the potential of wheat grain yields.

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Natural Science Foundation of **njiang Province, 31560138, Wen Zhang.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, **njiang, China

    Wen Zhang & Long Li

  2. Institute of Horticultural Crops, **njiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, 830091, **njiang, China

    Wen Zhang, Hui **e, Shou-An Han, Min Wang & Ming-Qi Pan

  3. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Bei**g, 100193, China

    Xu Qiao

  4. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Bei**g, 100193, China

    Long Li

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  1. Wen Zhang
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  2. Hui **e
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Zhang, W., **. Agroforest Syst 96, 387–406 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00726-3

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