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Pneumologie meets Onkologie

Aktuelle Standards bei Behandlung und Screening des Lungenkarzinoms

Pneumology meets oncology

Current standards in treatment and screening of lung cancer

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Zeitschrift für Pneumologie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Das Lungenkarzinom ist häufig und mit einer hohen Mortalität assoziiert. Nach großen Therapiefortschritten in der palliativen Situation des nichtkleinzelligen Lungenkarzinoms (NSCLC) erreichen neue therapeutische Konzepte unter Einbezug von Immun- und zielgerichteten Tumortherapien nun auch die kurativen Stadien. Osimertinib und Atezolizumab sind seit Kurzem unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen in der adjuvanten Therapie nach vollständiger Tumorresektion zugelassen. Demnächst wird zudem die erstmalige Zulassung einer neoadjuvanten Chemoimmuntherapie erwartet. In der palliativen Therapiesituation bedarf es einer umfassenden molekularpathologischen Diagnostik mit der Frage nach onkogenen Mutationen. Mittlerweile sind hier viele Substanzen überwiegend in der Erst-, wenige aber auch in der Zweitlinie verfügbar. Bei fehlender Möglichkeit, eine Treibermutation zu adressieren, stehen Immun- bzw. Immunchemotherapie je nach PD-L1(„programmed cell death 1 ligand 1“)-Status zur Verfügung. Durch diese neuen Therapieoptionen haben sich die Therapieverträglichkeit und die Prognose des Lungenkarzinoms bereits deutlich verbessert. Spezifische Nebenwirkungen müssen beachtet werden. Für das kleinzellige Lungenkarzinom (SCLC) bieten palliative Chemoimmuntherapien eine moderate Prognoseverbesserung. Die Einführung eines Lungenkrebsscreenings per Low-dose-CT (Computertomographie) ist in Deutschland in den kommenden Jahren zu erwarten. Vorteile sind eine relative Reduktion der Lungenkrebsmortalität um ca. 20 % bei einer „number needed to screen“ von 250. Nachteilig ist v. a. die zu erwartende Zahl falsch positiver Befunde. Das Screening muss als strukturiertes und qualitätsgesichertes Verfahren etabliert werden.

Abstract

Lung cancer is common and associated with a high mortality. After major therapeutic advances in the palliative situation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), new therapeutic concepts including immunotherapy and targeted tumor therapy have now also reached the curative stages. Osimertinib and atezolizumab have recently been approved under certain conditions in adjuvant therapy after complete tumor resection. In addition, the first approval of a neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in Germany is expected soon. In the palliative therapy setting, comprehensive molecular pathological diagnostics on oncogenic mutations are required. Many drugs addressing these targets are now available predominantly for first line therapy but also although less for second line therapy. If there are no possibilities to address driver mutations, immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy are available depending on the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) status. Overall, these new therapeutic options have already significantly improved therapy tolerability and the prognosis of lung cancer. Specific side effects must be considered. For small cell lung cancer (SCLC), palliative immunochemotherapy provides a moderate improvement in the prognosis. The introduction of lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography (CT) in Germany is to be expected in the coming years. The advantages are a relative reduction in lung cancer mortality of approximately 20% with a number needed to screen of 250. The disadvantage is particularly the expected number of false positive findings. A screening program must be established as a structured and quality assured procedure.

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Correspondence to Matthias Raspe.

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Interessenkonflikt

M. Raspe gibt folgende Interessenskonflikte an: Honorare für Vorträge und Beratertätigkeiten von AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi und Takeda. N. Frost gibt folgende Interessenskonflikte an: Honorare für Vorträge und Beratertätigkeiten von AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers & Squibb, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi und Takeda.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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J. Wälscher, Essen

C. Fisser, Regensburg

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Raspe, M., Frost, N. Pneumologie meets Onkologie. Z Pneumologie 20, 11–19 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-022-00481-x

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