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Parenterale Ernährung bei Frühgeborenen mit einem Geburtsgewicht <1500 g: eine systematische Zentrumsanalyse und Vergleich mit publizierten Leitlinien

Parenteral nutrition in premature babies with a birth weight <1500g: a systematic single-center analysis and comparison with current guidelines

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Zusammenfassung

Grundlagen

Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für das Wachstum sowie die körperliche Entwicklung von Frühgeborenen ist eine adäquate Nahrungszufuhr. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen zahlreicher Studien werden sowohl die Geschwindigkeit des Nahrungsaufbaus als auch die parenteral zugeführten Substratmengen z. T. kontrovers diskutiert.

Zielsetzung

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das parenterale Ernährungsregime bei sehr und extrem unreifen Frühgeborenen („Very-low-birth-weight“(VLBW)-Neonaten: Geburtsgewicht <1500 g und „Extremely-low-birth-weight“ (ELBW)-Neonaten: Geburtsgewicht <1000 g) systematisch zu untersuchen, die parenteral zugeführten Substratmengen zu berechnen und mit publizierten Leitlinien zu vergleichen.

Methodik

Retrospektive Studie bei VLBW- und ELBW-Neonaten der neonatologischen Intensivstation (NICU) der Universitätskinderklinik des Saarlandes (Homburg, Deutschland) über einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren (01.01.2009–31.12.2010).

Ergebnisse

In die Studie wurden insgesamt 100 Frühgeborene eingeschlossen. Das mittlere Gestationsalter lag bei 29,6 SSW (Spannweite: 24,4–34,1 SSW). Das Geburtsgewicht lag im Mittel bei 1119 g ± 260 g (570 g–1490 g). Bei der Analyse der zugeführten parenteralen und enteralen Nahrungsmengen für Flüssigkeit, Glucose, Aminosäuren, Fette und Kalorienzufuhr zeigte sich, dass bis auf die verabreichte Glucosemenge die in den Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) geforderten Substratmengen unterschritten wurden. Allerdings kam es auch zum gehäuften, gewichtsabhängigen (VLBW- vs. ELBW-Neonaten) Auftreten von Hyperglykämien in unserer Kohorte. Die Wachstumskurven bezüglich Körpergewicht, -länge und Kopfumfang waren in den ersten 3 Lebenswochen deutlich perzentilenflüchtig. Hingegen zeigte sich in der Nachuntersuchung im Alter von 2 Jahren (korrigiert) ein regelrechtes Wachstum, das sich dem eines reifen Neugeborenen annäherte. Bei der Nachuntersuchung mittels Bayley II im Alter von 2 Jahren (korrigiert) waren 33/42 (78,6 %) der untersuchten Kinder im Testnormbereich.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die von uns durchgeführte Analyse zeigte, dass die Verabreichung der parenteralen Ernährung auf unserer NICU mehrheitlich nicht leitlinienkonform durchgeführt wurde und in Ergänzung zur enteralen Ernährung mit inadäquaten Wachstumsparametern assoziiert war. Allerdings scheint eine Umsetzung der Leitlinien auch an metabolischen Insuffizienzen der Neonaten – insbesondere bei ELBW-Neonaten – zu scheitern. Inwiefern ein leitlinienkonformes Vorgehen neben einer veränderten Wachstumskinetik auch mit positiven Langzeitfolgen bezüglich der neurologischen Entwicklung einhergeht, bleibt ungeklärt.

Summary

Background

Parenteral and enteral nutrition are essential for both growth and development of preterm infants. Based on the results of many studies, the rate of nutritional growth and the amount of substrate delivered parenterally are under debate.

Objective

The main aim of this study was to assess parenteral nutrition in very and extremely immature preterm infants, i.e. very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight <1500g) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight <1000g) neonates, and to compare the amount of parenterally delivered substrate in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to current German guidelines.

Methods

Retrospective audit at our tertiary NICU at the University Children’s Hospital of Saarland, Homburg, Germany between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010.

Results

In total, 100 premature neonates were included. The mean gestational age was 29.6 weeks (range 24.4–34.1 weeks) and the mean birth weight was 1119 g ± 260 g (range 570 g–1490 g). Comparing the amount of fluids, glucose, amino acids, lipids and kcals with the current guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine in preterm infants, only glucose was adequately given; however, a substantial number of weight-dependent (more often in ELBW neonates) episodes of hyperglycemia requiring insulin treatment were also seen. During the first 3 weeks of life a substantial drop in body weight, length and head circumference occurred in our study cohort. In contrast, at 2 years corrected age, catch-up growth was seen in our cohort with anthropometric data now comparable to healthy term infants. Using the Bayley II test for developmental outcome assessment, at 2 years corrected age 78.6% (33/42) of infants demonstrated normal development.

Conclusions

This retrospective data analysis demonstrated inadequate provision of parenteral nutrition in our NICU, which was often not in line with current German guidelines. This was associated with inadequate growth in our cohort, most notably during the first 3 weeks of life; however, implementation of current guidelines is impeded by metabolic disturbances in this cohort, most notably in ELBW neonates. Whether adherence to published guidelines will result in better early ex utero growth, and whether this normalized growth pattern will translate into better long-term outcome on a metabolic and neurological level, remains unclear.

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Abbreviations

ANS:

Atemnotsyndrom

BPD:

bronchopulmonale Dysplasie

DGEM:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin

ELBW:

„extremely low birth weight“

GA:

Gestationsalter

G-BA:

Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss

IUGR:

„intrauterine growth retardation“ (intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung)

IVH:

intraventrikuläre Hämorrhagie (Blutung)

KG:

Körpergewicht

MDI:

Mental Developmental Index

NEC:

nekrotisierende Enterokolitis

NICU:

„neonatal intensive care unit“

PDA:

persistierender Ductus arteriosus (Ductus Botalli)

PN:

„parenteral nutrition“ (parenterale Ernährung)

ROP:

„retinopathy of prematurity“ (Frühgeborenenretinopathie)

SSW:

Schwangerschaftswoche

TPN:

„total parenteral nutrition“ (totale parenterale Ernährung)

VLBW:

„very low birth weight“

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Correspondence to Sascha Meyer.

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Interessenkonflikt

M. Sirch, M. Poryo, M. Butte, U. Lindner, L. Gortner, M. Zemlin, H. Nunold und S. Meyer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Additional information

Authors’ contributions Melanie Sirch was responsible for data collection and analysis, and writing of the manuscript. Martin Poryo was responsible for data collection and revision of the manuscript. Mona Butte was responsible for data collection and analysis (enteral nutrition). Ulrike Lindner was responsible for data collection and analysis (Bayley II). Ludwig Gortner was responsible for data analysis, and revision of the manuscript. Michael Zemlin was involved in data analysis and critical revision of the manuscript. Holger Nunold was responsible for technical support and data collection. Sascha Meyer was the chief investigator responsible for study design, data analysis, and writing of the manuscript.

Melanie Sirch and Sascha Meyer contributed equally to this article.

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Sirch, M., Poryo, M., Butte, M. et al. Parenterale Ernährung bei Frühgeborenen mit einem Geburtsgewicht <1500 g: eine systematische Zentrumsanalyse und Vergleich mit publizierten Leitlinien. Wien Med Wochenschr 169, 71–81 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-017-0602-2

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