Abstract
Cronartium orientale is a heteroecious rust fungus that causes pine gall rust of two-needle pines, e.g., Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) and Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora). Basidiospores are discharged from telia on fagaceous plants, then infect pine shoots and/or stems. To determine the infection site of basidiospores on host plants, we inoculated 1–6-month-old seedlings of Japanese black pine and Japanese red pine. Seedlings with wounds formed by the removal of a few needles by a downward pull or by pruning a tip of the shoot produced galls more frequently than seedlings without wounds. When current-year shoots of 4-year-old Japanese black pine seedlings and new shoots from secondary buds induced by “Mekiri” treatment were inoculated after the removal of several needles from the seedlings, significantly more galls were produced than on shoots without wounds. Histological observations revealed that the germ tubes of basidiospores penetrated host cells exposed in the wounds, whereas basidiospores on the intact surface of needles and stems germinated directly or indirectly but did not invade host tissues. Thus, C. orientale basidiospores require fresh stem wounds for infection.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by grants from the Project of the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (the special scheme project on vitalizing management entities of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries) (Grant no. 16932591). We thank the Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan, for providing experimental materials. We thank Dr. Kaoru Yamaguchi, Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, for her support in preparing specimens for SEM. Part of this study was presented at the 2020 Annual Meeting of the Phytopathological Society of Japan.
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10327_2022_1054_MOESM1_ESM.jpeg
Fig. S1. Japanese black pine seedlings used for inoculation. a: Seedling without “Mekiri” treatment on 29 June 2019. B: Seedling after “Mekiri” treatment on 29 June 2019. c: Seedling forming new shoots from secondary buds (arrow head) 28 d after “Mekiri” treatment. d: Seedling after “Tochu-Mekiri” treatment on 6 July 2019. e: Seedling forming new shoots from secondary buds (arrow head) 28 d after “Tochu-Mekiri” treatment. CS: current-year shoot. Arrows indicate cut end of current-year shoots (JPEG 956 kb)
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Fig. S2. Orangish-yellow aeciospores produced on galls 776 days (a) and 596 days (b) after inoculation. a: Gall on same Japanese red pine seedling shown in Fig. 2a–d. b: Gall on same Japanese black pine seedling shown in Fig. 3d–f (JPEG 447 kb)
10327_2022_1054_MOESM3_ESM.docx
Fig. S3. Alignment of sequence data from 12 galls and C. orientale (LC585374 and MK193821). Codes for the sample used in this study are in parentheses (DOCX 1638 kb)
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Yamaoka, Y., Okane, I., Suzuki, H. et al. Infection through wounds on shoots of pine seedlings by basidiospores of Cronartium orientale. J Gen Plant Pathol 88, 161–172 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01054-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-022-01054-9