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Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) : un arbre à essence aux mille vertus

Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.): a perfume tree with several medicinal purposes

  • Matière Médicale
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Phytothérapie

Résumé

Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) [Myrtaceae] est originaire de Tasmanie en Australie et pousse surtout dans les régions chaudes. L’eucalyptus commun ou gommier bleu est un arbre sempervirent qui peut croître jusqu’à 30–55 m de haut. Ses feuilles sont la principale source de son huile essentielle (HE). Utilisée pour ses vertus médicinales, notamment antitussives et expectorantes, elle n’en a pas moins des propriétés fébrifuges, toniques, astringentes, antiseptiques, hémostatiques et vermifuges. Parmi ces composés, le 1,8-cinéole ou eucalyptol (50 à 80 %) est sans doute le plus connu, car c’est un expectorant qui peut soulager la toux et lutter contre les problèmes des voies respiratoires. En outre, pinène, limonène et au moins 250 autres composés dont citronellal, cryptone, pipéritone viendront étoffer la liste des nombreux composés aux vertus médicinales de l’eucalyptus. En phytoaromathérapie, l’essence d’eucalyptus officinal pourra trouver une place comme désinfectant atmosphérique en milieu hospitalier afin de lutter contre les infections nosocomiales et les contaminations aéroportées. Elle aide aussi à lutter contre l’asthme et peut être utilisée pour la désinfection de plaies. Notre travail se veut une revue de la littérature des propriétés thérapeutiques, préventive et/ou curative, de cet arbre à parfum et les potentiels utilisations de son HE en phytoaromathérapie anti-infectieuse ou encore comme ingrédient actif dans les préparations pharmaceutiques.

Abstract

Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) [Myrtaceae] is native of Tasmania (Australia) and grows mainly in warm regions. The common blue gum eucalyptus is an evergreen tree that can grow up to 30–55 m high. Its leaves are the main source of essential oil (EO), which has been used for medicinal purposes, including antimicrobial and expectorant properties. Further, Eucalyptus globulus EO has many other medicinal properties, such as antipyretic, tonic, astringent, antiseptic, and hemostatic. The chemical composition of EO revealed that the oxygenated monoterpène 1,8-cineol or eucalyptol (50–80%) is the best known probably because it is an expectorant, can relieve cough, and fight against respiratory tract infections. Hence, pinene, limonene, and other compounds (citronellal, cryptone, and piperitone) will expand the list of many compounds with medicinal properties of eucalyptus EO. In phytotherapy research, Eucalyptus globulus EO could be used as an air disinfectant in hospitals to fight against nosocomial infections and airborne contaminations. Our article aims to be a literature review of the therapeutic (preventive or curative) properties of Eucalyptus globulus and gives a strong impetus of the potential uses of EO in aromatherapy or as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical industry.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de biologie et physiologie cellulaire, faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie, université Blida-I, Blida, Algérie

    M. N. Boukhatem

  2. Laboratoire d’ethnobotanique et de substances naturelles, département des sciences naturelles, École normale supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algérie

    M. N. Boukhatem & A. Kameli

  3. Département de chimie, École normale supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algérie

    M. A. Ferhat

  4. Société Extral-Bio de production des huiles essentielles et cosmétiques bio, Chiffa, Blida, Algérie

    M. Mekarnia

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  1. M. N. Boukhatem
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  2. M. A. Ferhat
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  3. A. Kameli
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  4. M. Mekarnia
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Correspondence to M. N. Boukhatem.

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Boukhatem, M.N., Ferhat, M.A., Kameli, A. et al. Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) : un arbre à essence aux mille vertus. Phytothérapie (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-017-1114-3

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