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Paleoclimate variations and impact on groundwater recharge in multi-layer aquifer systems using a multi-tracer approach (northern Aquitaine basin, France)

Variations paléoclimatiques et leurs impacts sur la recharge d’un système aquifère multicouches à partir d’une approche multi-traceurs (Bassin nord Aquitain, France)

Variaciones paleoclimáticas e impacto sobre la recarga de las aguas subterráneas en sistemas acuíferos multicapas mediante un método de trazadores múltiples (cuenca del norte de Aquitania, Francia)

利用多种示踪剂方法研究(法国阿基坦流域北部)古气候变化以及对对曾含水层系统地下水补给的影响

Variações paleoclimáticas e impacto na recarga de águas subterrâneas em sistemas aquíferos multicamadas usando uma abordagem multitraçador (bacia setentrional da Aquitânia, França)

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Abstract

The northern Aquitaine basin (southwest France) is a large multi-layer aquifer system that contains groundwater with strong residence-time variability ranging from years to tens of thousands of years. This system constitutes an archive of paleoclimate variations. A multi-parameter approach involving isotopic tracers (14C, 18O, 2H) was used to determine the residence time of groundwater and to document climate fluctuations, while dissolved noble gases were used to estimate mean annual temperatures (noble gas recharge temperatures, NGRT) at the water table. Near-surface ground temperature reconstruction from 40 ka cal BP to the present was made using data collected from five aquifers. The coldest temperatures are recorded for late Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 3 and MIS 2, i.e. between 36 and 18 ka cal BP. The mean NGRT for the period 27–18 ka cal BP is estimated at 5.9 ± 0.9 °C, and a strong increase towards modern values (11–13 °C) is observed after 15 ka cal BP. The temperature change between the Holocene and the Last Glacial ranges from 5 to 7 °C, in agreement with previous NGRT studies in Europe. Since mean near-surface ground temperatures during the glacial were well above 0 °C, long-term presence of permafrost in northern Aquitaine is unlikely. However, a possible warm bias in reconstructed temperatures during the coldest events lies in the fact that NGRTs in cold regions do not reflect annual means but rather the ground temperature during the thaw months.

Résumé

Le bassin Nord Aquitain (sud-ouest de la France) est un vaste système aquifère multicouches contenant des eaux souterraines avec des temps de résidence très variables allant de plusieurs années à des dizaines de milliers d’années. Ce système constitue une archive des variations paléo-climatiques. Une approche multi paramètres impliquant des traceurs isotopiques (14C, 18O, 2H) a été utilisée pour déterminer le temps de résidence des eaux souterraines et étudier les fluctuations climatiques, tandis que les gaz rares ont servi à estimer les températures annuelles moyennes au niveau de la nappe phréatique (températures de recharge de gaz rares, NGRT). La reconstruction des paléotemperatures près de la surface du sol de 40 ka cal BP jusqu’au nos jours a été effectuée à l’aide de données recueillies auprès de cinq aquifères. Les températures les plus froides sont enregistrées pour la fin du stade isotopique marin (MIS) 3 et le MIS 2, c’est-à-dire entre 36 et 18 ka cal BP. Le NGRT moyen pour la période de 27–18 ka cal BP est estimé à 5.9 ± 0.9 °C, tandis qu’une forte augmentation pour atteindre les valeurs modernes (11–13 °C) est observée après 15 ka cal BP. Le changement de température constaté dans cette étude entre l’Holocène et le dernier glaciaire est de 5 à 7 °C, en accord avec les précédentes études NGRT en Europe. Étant donné que les températures moyennes du sol près de la surface pendant la période glaciaire étaient bien supérieures à 0 °C, la présence à long terme du pergélisol dans le nord de l’Aquitaine est peu probable. Toutefois, un éventuel biais dans les températures reconstruites durant les événements les plus froids est probable du fait que les NGRT dans les régions froides ne reflètent pas les moyennes annuelles mais plutôt la température du sol pendant les mois de dégel.

Resumen

La cuenca septentrional de Aquitania (suroeste de Francia) es un gran sistema acuífero multicapa que contiene aguas subterráneas con una fuerte variabilidad en el tiempo de residencia que va desde años hasta decenas de miles de años. Este sistema constituye un archivo de variaciones paleoclimáticas. Se utilizó un método multiparamétrico con trazadores isotópicos (14C, 18O, 2H) para determinar el tiempo de residencia de las aguas subterráneas y documentar las fluctuaciones climáticas, mientras que los gases nobles disueltos se utilizaron para estimar las temperaturas medias anuales (temperaturas de recarga de gases nobles, NGRT) en el nivel freático. La reconstrucción de la temperatura del terreno cerca de la superficie desde 40 ka cal BP hasta el presente se realizó utilizando los datos recogidos de cinco acuíferos. Las temperaturas más frías se registran en las fases isotópicas marinas tardías (MIS) 3 y MIS 2, es decir, entre 36 y 18 kcal BP. La NGRT media para el período 27–18 ka cal BP se estima en 5.9 ± 0.9 °C, y se observa un fuerte aumento hacia los valores modernos (11–13 °C) después de 15 ka cal BP. El cambio de temperatura entre el Holoceno y el Último Glaciar oscila entre 5 y 7 °C, de acuerdo con estudios previos de la NGRT en Europa. Dado que las temperaturas medias del terreno próximas a la superficie durante el período glacial eran muy superiores a 0 °C, es improbable que se produzca una presencia prolongada de permafrost en el norte de Aquitania. Sin embargo, un posible sesgo cálido en las temperaturas reconstruidas durante los eventos más fríos radica en el hecho de que las NGRTs en las regiones frías no reflejan los medios anuales, sino más bien la temperatura del terreno durante los meses de deshielo.

摘要

(法国西南部)的阿基坦流域北部是一个大的多层含水层系统, 其中的地下水滞留时间变化很大, 从几年到几万年不等。这个系统构成了古气候变化的档案。利用涉及到同位素示踪剂(14C, 18O, 2H)的多重参数方法确定了地下水的滞留时间, 记载了气候的波动情况, 还利用溶解的惰性气体估算了年**均温度(惰性气体补给温度)。采用从五个含水层收集到的数据, 重建了40 ka BP到目前的**地表温度。最低的温度在海洋同位素阶段晚期MIS3和MIS2, 即36至18ka BP之间。27–18ka BP期间的**均惰性气体补给温度估计为5.9 ± 0.9 °C, 15ka BP后观测到的温度大幅上升, 接**现代温度(11–13 °C)。全新世到末冰期的温度变化范围在5到7 °C, 与先前在欧洲进行的惰性气体补给温度研究结果一致。由于冰期期间**均**地表温度大大超过0 °C, 所以阿基坦北部的冻土不可能长期存在。然而, 最冷事件期间重建温度中的可能的温暖偏见在于这一事实, 即寒冷地区的惰性气体补给温度并不反映年**均值, 而是反映融化月份期间的地表温度。

Resumo

A bacia setentrional da Aquitânia (sudoeste da França) é um grande sistema aquífero multicamadas que contém águas subterrâneas com uma forte variabilidade de tempo de residência, que varia de anos a dezenas de milhares de anos. Este sistema constitui-se um arquivo de variações paleoclimáticas. Uma abordagem multitraçador envolvendo traçadores isotópicos (14C, 18O, 2H) foi usada para se determinar o tempo de residência das águas subterrâneas e documentar as flutuações climáticas, enquanto gases nobres dissolvidos foram usados ​​para estimar as temperaturas médias anuais (temperaturas de recarga de gás nobre, TRGN) no lençol freático. A reconstrução da temperatura do solo próximo à superfície de 40 ka cal AP até o presente foi feita usando dados coletados de cinco aquíferos. As temperaturas mais baixas são registadas para o último Estágio Isotópico Marinho (EIM) 3 e EIM 2, entre 36 e 18 ka cal AP. A TRGN média para o período 27–18 ka cal AP é estimado em 5.9 ± 0.9 °C, e um forte aumento em direção aos valores modernos (11–13 °C) é observado após 15 ka cal AP. A mudança de temperatura entre o Holoceno e a última glaciação foi de 5 a 7 °C, de acordo com estudos anteriores de TRGN na Europa. Uma vez que as temperaturas médias do solo próximas da superfície durante o período glacial estavam bem acima de 0 °C, a presença a longo prazo de pergelissolos no norte da Aquitânia é improvável. No entanto, um possível erro de aquecimento nas temperaturas reconstruídas durante os eventos mais frios reside no fato de que as TRGNs em regiões frias não refletem médias anuais, mas sim a temperatura do solo durante os meses de descongelamento.

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Acknowledgements

The sampling campaign has been realized with the help of the Conseil départemental de la Gironde and SUEZ Environment who gave us access to their wells.

Funding

This work was financed by Adour-Garonne Water Agency and OASU (Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers) through the Special Program “Organics and Inorganics Contaminants”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BRGM Nouvelle Aquitaine, Parc Technologique Europarc, 24, Avenue Léonard de Vinci, 33600, Pessac, France

    Marc Saltel

  2. University of Bordeaux, CENBG, 19 Chemin du Solarium - CS 10120, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France

    Romain Rebeix, Bertrand Thomas & Bernard Lavielle

  3. CNRS (UMR 5797) CENBG, 19 Chemin du Solarium - CS 10120, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France

    Romain Rebeix, Bertrand Thomas & Bernard Lavielle

  4. Bordeaux INP, G&E, EA 4592, 33600, Pessac, France

    Michel Franceschi

  5. Université Bordeaux Montaigne, G&E, EA 4592, 33600, Pessac, France

    Michel Franceschi

  6. Inrap, 140 Avenue du Maréchal Leclerc, 33130, Bègles, France

    Pascal Bertran

  7. PACEA, University of Bordeaux-CNRS, allée Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France

    Pascal Bertran

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  1. Marc Saltel
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Correspondence to Marc Saltel.

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Saltel, M., Rebeix, R., Thomas, B. et al. Paleoclimate variations and impact on groundwater recharge in multi-layer aquifer systems using a multi-tracer approach (northern Aquitaine basin, France). Hydrogeol J 27, 1439–1457 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01944-x

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