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Advanced nanomaterials for use in electrochemical and optical immunoassays of carcinoembryonic antigen. A review

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Abstract

This review (with 196 refs.) covers the state of the art in electrochemical and optical immunoassays for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In essence, it has sections on (a) frequently applied principles and types of CEA immunoassays; (b) aspects of sensor fabrication including immunological and immobilization procedures and the proper choice of nanomaterials; (c) electrochemical immunoassays, with subsections on assays based on the use of nanoparticles and other nanomaterials (such as conducting polymers and graphenes); (d) optical immunoassays based on the use of nanoparticles such as quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, graphenes and their derivatives; (d) lateral flow and lab-on-a-chip (microfluidic) immunoassays; and (e) on multiplexed electrochemical and optical immunoassays with and without labels. Examples for applications to real samples are given. A final section discusses current limitations and trends in terms of sensing schemes and nanomaterials. 

A key to develop nanodevices with high performance for immunoassay applications is to explore advanced functional nanomaterials. This review focus on practical aspects trying to give the readers useful insights that should be considered such as the choice of the advanced nanomaterials to be used, the best methods/techniques in immunesensing of CEA.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the support of this work by Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Also, we are thanking Nano Technology Center, Urmia University for partial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran

    Mohammad Hasanzadeh

  2. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran

    Mohammad Hasanzadeh

  3. Department of Nanochemistry, Nano Technology Research Center, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

    Nasrin Shadjou

  4. Department of Nanochemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

    Nasrin Shadjou

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  1. Mohammad Hasanzadeh
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Correspondence to Mohammad Hasanzadeh.

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Hasanzadeh, M., Shadjou, N. Advanced nanomaterials for use in electrochemical and optical immunoassays of carcinoembryonic antigen. A review. Microchim Acta 184, 389–414 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-2066-2

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