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Inter-brain neural mechanism and influencing factors underlying different cooperative behaviors: a hyperscanning study

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Abstract

Cooperative behavior is a vital social interaction which plays a vital role in improving human survival and reproduction. However, few empirical studies have examined the differences between cooperative behaviors and the underlying neural substrates. In the present study, the brain activity of familiar dyads of the same sex was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during three cooperative tasks (cooperative button-press, tangram, and Jenga tasks). We also measured the dyads’ empathic abilities and personality traits to investigate the relationships between individual characteristics and neural markers. The results showed that first, there were significant differences in intra-brain activation and inter-brain synchronization among different cooperative tasks in three dimensions: social cognition, behavioral response, and cognitive processing. Second, male participants require stronger intra-brain activation to achieve the same inter-brain synchronization level as women in cooperative tasks. Third, when performing cooperative tasks involving high cognitive demands, Big Five Neuroticism may be an important predictor of neural activation in female participants. Inter-brain synchronization plays an important role in the frontal and temporoparietal junctions during interpersonal cooperation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that mutual prediction theory is crucial for understanding the neural mechanisms of cooperative behavior.

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Data availability

The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The author thanks the relevant departments for their support.

Funding

This research was supported by the Key Support Project for the Emerging Cross-Discipline of the Philosophical Social Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (21XXJC05ZD), the Humanities and Social Sciences Projects of Ministry of Education (21YJC880094), the Natural Science Foundation Youth Project of Science and Technology Department of **njiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022D01B06), and the Research Project of Shaoxing University (2022SK010).

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  1. Mingming Zhang and Wei Chen have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China

    Qingming Liu & Wei Chen

  2. Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China

    Qingming Liu, Huimin Cui & Wei Chen

  3. Department of Primary Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China

    Bincan Huang, Yingying Huang, Huimeng Sun & **nyi Ru

  4. Department of Psychology, College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China

    Mingming Zhang

  5. Interdisciplinary Center for Philosophy and Cognitive Sciences, Renmin University of China, Bei**g, China

    Wei Chen

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  1. Qingming Liu
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Contributions

MZ, WC, and QL: designed research, HC, BH, YH, HS, XR, and YJ: performed research, MZ: analyzed data, QL and MZ: wrote the paper.

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Liu, Q., Cui, H., Huang, B. et al. Inter-brain neural mechanism and influencing factors underlying different cooperative behaviors: a hyperscanning study. Brain Struct Funct 229, 75–95 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-023-02700-4

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