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Diatoms in drowning cases in forensic veterinary context: a preliminary study

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Abstract

In this preliminary study, a digestive method used in forensic context to extract diatoms has been applied in organs taken from ten wildlife animals belonging three species of mammals (a deer, a roe and five otters) and one species of birds (two magpies). Only four carcasses were recovered from aquatic environments (bath trough for animals, bathtub irrigation, river) and only in three cases out of ten that the cause of death was ruled out as drowning. In seven cases, the death was due to other causes: gunshot injuries for one otter, blunt trauma for a magpie, and traumatic injuries followed by motor vehicle collision in other four otters and a roe. Post-mortem examination was performed in all carcasses. The diatom test protocol was performed according to the Italian guidelines for analysis of benthic diatoms for ecological status assessment of inland waters. Five grams of lung, liver, and kidney was taken from all the animal carcasses. In some cases, additional tissue samples were also available among which brain, heart, spleen, and bone marrow. In all four cases found in water, the drowning medium was also available. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) digestion was performed, and identification of 21 genera of diatoms was obtained. The method proved to be suitable for the identification of diatoms in the organs of the animals drowned supporting the final diagnosis of drowning. Only in otters, all died for causes other than drowning, diatoms did not prove to be suitable for the diagnosis of drowning since their presence in the internal organs was mainly related to their main diet based on fishmeal. The authors believe that this first trial is very promising, and the results suggest that diatom test can be easily applied in forensic veterinary context.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Nadia Fucci

  2. Department of Experimental Medicine, University “L. Vanvitelli” of Campania, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, snc, 80138, Naples, Italy

    Carlo P. Campobasso

  3. Servizio Veterinario—Dipartimento di Prevenzione, ASREM, Piazza della Vittoria 14, 86100, Campobasso, Italy

    L. Mastrogiuseppe

  4. Environment and Health Department Istituto Superiore Sanità, V.Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy

    C. Puccinelli, S. Marcheggiani & L. Mancini

  5. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise, 64100, Teramo, Italy

    L. Marino

  6. Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica S.Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy

    V. L. Pascali

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  1. Nadia Fucci
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  2. Carlo P. Campobasso
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  4. C. Puccinelli
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Correspondence to Nadia Fucci or Carlo P. Campobasso.

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Fucci, N., Campobasso, C.P., Mastrogiuseppe, L. et al. Diatoms in drowning cases in forensic veterinary context: a preliminary study. Int J Legal Med 131, 1573–1580 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1565-y

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