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Hepatische Granulome – eine diagnostische Herausforderung

Hepatic granuloma—A diagnostic challenge

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Zusammenfassung

Hepatische Granulome können diverse Ursachen haben und bedürfen einer systematischen Diagnostik. Zunächst müssen Risikofaktoren für die verschiedenen granulomatösen Erkrankungen erfragt und extrahepatische Organmanifestationen abgeklärt werden. Es empfiehlt sich ein laborchemisches und serologisches Screening auf die häufigsten zugrunde liegenden Erkrankungen von Lebergranulomen in Deutschland wie die primär biliäre Cholangitis (PBC), die Sarkoidose und infektiöse Ursachen (vorrangig Tuberkulose und Hepatitis-C-Infektionen). Essenziell für die Diagnosesicherung ist die Leberbiopsie, wobei die minilaparoskopisch gesteuerte Materialgewinnung viele Vorteile wie Detektion von Granulomen auf der Leberoberfläche, am Peritoneum oder auf der Milz bietet. Ob sich aus dem Nachweis hepatischer Granulome eine therapeutische Konsequenz ergibt, hängt dabei entscheidend von der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung ab. Liegen hepatische Granulome ohne begleitenden Leberparenchymschaden oder anderweitige Manifestationen vor, die eine Therapie notwendig machen, ist unter engmaschiger klinischer und laborchemischer Verlaufskontrolle ein abwartendes Verhalten vertretbar. Bei steigenden Leberwerten oder Hinweisen für einen Leberparenchymschaden ist eine Therapie der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung dringend indiziert.

Abstract

Hepatic granulomas can have various causes and their detection requires a systematic diagnostic evaluation. First, identification of risk factors for granulomatous diseases and the exclusion of extrahepatic organ manifestation are necessary. Laboratory investigations and serological screening for the most common underlying diseases of liver granulomas in Germany, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), sarcoidosis and infectious causes (primarily tuberculosis and hepatitis C infections), are recommended. A liver biopsy is essential for confirming the diagnosis, whereby a minilaparoscopically guided tissue sampling offers many advantages, such as the macroscopic detection of granulomas on the liver surface, on the peritoneum or on the spleen. Whether the detection of hepatic granulomas results in a therapeutic consequence, depends decisively on the underlying primary disease. If hepatic granulomas are present without concomitant liver parenchymal damage or other manifestations that would make treatment necessary, a watch and wait approach under close clinical and laboratory monitoring is sufficient. If liver values increase or in cases of hepatic parenchymal damage, urgent treatment of the underlying disease is indicated.

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Correspondence to Marcial Sebode.

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L.J. Horst, S. Weidemann, A.W. Lohse und M. Sebode geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Horst, L.J., Weidemann, S., Lohse, A.W. et al. Hepatische Granulome – eine diagnostische Herausforderung. Z Rheumatol 81, 567–576 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-022-01235-z

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