Abstract
Snowfall and the subsequent evolution of the snowpack have a large effect on the surface energy balance and water cycle of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The effects of snow cover can be represented by the WRF coupled with a land surface scheme. The widely used Noah scheme is computationally efficient, but its poor representation of albedo needs considerable improvement. In this study, an improved albedo scheme is developed using a satellite-retrieved albedo that takes snow depth and age into account. Numerical experiments were then conducted to simulate a severe snow event in March 2017. The performance of the coupled WRF/Noah model, which implemented the improved albedo scheme, is compared against the model’s performance using the default Noah albedo scheme and against the coupled WRF/CLM that applied CLM albedo scheme. When the improved albedo scheme is implemented, the albedo overestimation in the southeastern TP is reduced, reducing the RMSE of the air temperature by 0.7°C. The improved albedo scheme also attains the highest correlation between the satellite-derived and the model-estimated albedo, which provides for a realistic representation of both the snow water equivalent (SWE) spatial distribution in the heavy snowbelt (SWE > 6 mm) and the maximum SWE in the eastern TP. The underestimated albedo in the coupled WRF/CLM leads to underestimating the regional maximum SWE and a consequent failure to estimate SWE in the heavy snowbelt accurately. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of improving the Noah albedo scheme and provides a theoretical reference for researchers aiming to improve albedo schemes further.
摘要
降雪和随后的积雪演变对青藏高原地表能量和水循环过程有很大影响, WRF耦合陆面过程方案能够模拟积雪的这两种效应. 然而, 广泛使用的Noah陆面过程方案虽然计算效率高, 但由于估算的反照率偏差较大而需要进一步改进. 本研究针对2017年3月发生在青藏高原的一次**降雪过程, 利用卫星遥感反演的反照率数据, 同时考虑雪深和雪龄对反照率的影响, 改进了Noah积雪反照率方案, 并对WRF/Noah采用改进反照率方案的模拟结果与WRF/Noah和WRF/CLM采用默认反照率方案的模拟结果进行了对比分析. 研究发现, 模式采用改进的反照率方案降低了对青藏高原东南部反照率的高估, 且模拟的反照率与卫星反演的反照率具有最高的相关性, 是模拟气温均方根误差降低了0.7°C的一个原因, 也是大雪雪带落区和青藏高原东部最大雪水当量准确模拟的重要因素. WRF/CLM由于低估了反照率, 导致低估了区域最大雪水当量且无法准确模拟大雪雪带. 本研究证明了改进Noah反照率方案的可行性, 为旨在进一步改进反照率方案的科研人员提供了理论参考.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20060101), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program (STEP) (2019QZKK0103), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91837208, 91637312, 41830650, and 91737205), MOST High-Level Talent Grant No. G20190161018, the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative Grant No. 2020VTA0001, the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-DQC019), and Key Research and Development Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2018YFC1505701). The authors express thanks to ECMWF for sharing the atmospheric reanalysis data set (ERA-Interim dataset is available from http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/), to NASA for offering MODIS reflectance, land cover, and NDVI products (https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/), and to staff from CMA and CAS stations for very hard work in meteorological observations and for offering the data (CMA meteorological data is available from http://data.cma.cn/en; CAS albedo observation is available from https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/). The authors would like to acknowledge all anonymous reviewers for reviewing this paper and providing constructive comments.
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Article Highlights
• The improved albedo scheme reduces albedo overestimation and increases the correlation between satellite-derived and model-estimated albedo.
• Air temperature RMSE is reduced by 0.7°C when applying the WRF at coarse resolution with the improved albedo scheme.
• The improved albedo scheme contributes to a realistic representation of the SWE spatial distribution in the heavy snowbelt.
This paper is a contribution to the special issue on Third Pole Atmospheric Physics, Chemistry, and Hydrology.
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Liu, L., Menenti, M., Ma, Y. et al. Improved Parameterization of Snow Albedo in WRF + Noah: Methodology Based on a Severe Snow Event on the Tibetan Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1079–1102 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1232-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1232-1