Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), a highly promising biodegradable biopolymer, has been extensively studied over the last two decades. The thermoplastic polyester PLA is bio-based, compostable, and eco-friendly. Its monomer, lactic acid, is fermented from renewable plant sources like starch and sugar. Therefore, PLA is regarded as a desirable substitute for conventional petroleum-based polymers. Because of its biocompatible and biodegradable properties, U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has approved PLA as a biomedical material. PLA has excellent mechanical, physical, structural, and thermal properties, making it suitable for various applications. However, PLA has limitations such as low impact toughness, hydrophobicity, and slow degradation rate at ambient temperatures. This can be improved by different modification methods, such as copolymerization, making composites or blends of PLA with other biodegradable polymers, or incorporating additives. This review presents information about the various methods of synthesis of PLA, its properties, and the environmental degradation of PLA. In addition, the different processing techniques of PLA are also reviewed. Lastly, the applications of PLA in sectors such as packaging, biomedical, agricultural, automotive, and textile are also discussed.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- PHA:
-
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PHB:
-
Polyhydroxybutyrate
- PGA:
-
Polyglycolic acid
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PBSA:
-
Polybutylene succinate-co-adipate
- LA:
-
Lactic acid
- PDLLA:
-
Poly-D, L-lactic acid
- ROP:
-
Ring-opening polymerization
- Sn(Oct)2 :
-
Stannous octoate
- PHAs:
-
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- THF:
-
Tetrahydrofuran
- PLLA:
-
Poly-L-lactic acid
- PDLA:
-
Poly-D- lactic acid
- Tg :
-
Glass transition temperature
- Tm :
-
Melting temperature
- Mw :
-
Molecular Weight
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- DSC:
-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- ISBM:
-
Injection stretch blow molding
- OPS:
-
Oriented polystyrene
- PDS:
-
Polydioxanone
- PLGA:
-
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
- DOX:
-
Doxorubicin
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- PBAT:
-
Polybutylene adipate terephthalate
- ABS:
-
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- PBT:
-
Polybutylene terephthalate
References
European-Bioplastics.Org/Market (2022)
European, Bioplastics (2022) Bioplastics facts and figures
Jem KJ, Tan B (2020) The development and challenges of poly (lactic acid) and poly (glycolic acid). Adv Ind Eng Polym Res 3(2):60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2020.01.002
Ramezani Dana H, Ebrahimi F (2023) Synthesis, properties, and applications of polylactic acid-based polymers. Polym Eng Sci 63(1):22–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26193
Li G, Zhao M, Xu F, Yang B, Li X, Meng X, Li Y (2020) Synthesis and biological application of polylactic acid. Molecules 25(21):5023. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215023
Zhong Y, Godwin P, ** Y, **ao H (2020) Biodegradable polymers and green-based antimicrobial packaging materials: a mini-review. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res 3(1):27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.11.002
Babu RP, O’connor K, Seeram R (2013) Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Prog Biomater 2:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-0517-2-8
Averous L (2004) Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci C Polym Rev 44(3):231–274. https://doi.org/10.1081/MC-200029326
Arjmandi R, Hassan A, Zakaria Z (2017) Polylactic acid green nanocomposites for automotive applications. Green biocomposites: design and applications. Springer, Cham, pp 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49382-4_9.
Jem KJ, van der Pol JF, de Vos S (2010) Microbial lactic acid, its polymer poly (lactic acid), and their industrial applications. Plastics from Bacteria: natural functions and applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03287-5_13.
Stefaniak K, Masek A (2021) Green copolymers based on poly (lactic Acid)—Short review. Materials 14(18):5254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185254
Hartmann MH (1998) High molecular weight polylactic acid polymers. Biopolymers from renewable resources. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 367–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03680-8_15
Li X, Lin Y, Liu M, Meng L, Li C (2023) A review of research and application of polylactic acid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 140(7):e53477. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.53477
Peres C, Matos AI, Conniot J, Sainz V, Zupančič E, Silva JM, Graça L, Gaspar RS, Préat V, Florindo HF (2017) Poly (lactic acid)-based particulate systems are promising tools for immune modulation. Acta Biomater 48:41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.012
Lunt J (1998) Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 59(1–3):145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00148-1
Gupta AP, Kumar V (2007) New emerging trends in synthetic biodegradable polymers–Polylactide: a critique. Eur Polym J 43(10):4053–4074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.045
Garlotta D (2001) A literature review of poly (lactic acid). J Polym Environ 9:63–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020200822435
Cheng Y, Deng S, Chen P, Ruan R (2009) Polylactic acid (PLA) synthesis and modifications: a review. Front Chem China 4:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11458-009-0092-x
Singhvi MS, Zinjarde SS, Gokhale DV (2019) Polylactic acid: synthesis and biomedical applications. J Appl Microbiol 127(6):1612–1626. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14290
Kricheldorf HR, Sumbel M (1989) Polylactones—18. Polymerization of l, l-lactide with sn (II) and sn (IV) halogenides. Eur Polym J 25(6):585–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(89)90010-4
Gruber P (2004) Chemicals from renewable resources
Vink ET, Rabago KR, Glassner DA, Gruber PR (2003) Applications of life cycle assessment to Nature Works™ polylactide (PLA) production. Polym Degrad Stab 80(3):403–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00372-5
Shih YF, Huang CC, Chen PW (2010) Biodegradable green composites reinforced by the fiber recycling from disposable chopsticks. Mater Sci Eng A 527(6):1516–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.024
Athanasiou KA, Niederauer GG, Agrawal CM (1996) Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers. Biomaterials 17(2):93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(96)85754-1
Abd Alsaheb RA, Aladdin A, Othman NZ, Abd Malek R, Leng OM, Aziz R, El Enshasy HA (2015) Recent applications of polylactic acid in pharmaceutical and medical industries. J Chem Pharm Res 7(12):51–63
Taib NAAB, Rahman MR, Huda D, Kuok KK, Hamdan S, Bakri MKB, Julaihi MRMB, Khan A (2023) A review on poly lactic acid (PLA) as a biodegradable polymer. Polym Bull 80(2):1179–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04160-y
Nampoothiri KM, Nair NR, John RP (2010) An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresour Technol 101(22):8493–8501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.092
Griffith LG (2000) Polymeric biomaterials. Acta Mater 48(1):263–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00299-2
Casalini T, Rossi F, Castrovinci A, Perale G (2019) A perspective on polylactic acid- based polymers use for nanoparticles synthesis and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7:259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00259
Davachi SM, Kaffashi B (2015) Polylactic acid in medicine. Polym Plast Technol Eng 54(9):944–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2014.979507
Yamane H, Sasai K (2003) Effect of the addition of poly (D-lactic acid) on the thermal property of poly (L-lactic acid). Polymer 44(8):2569–2575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00092-2
Lasprilla AJ, Martinez GA, Lunelli BH, Jardini AL, Maciel Filho R (2012) Poly-lactic acid synthesis for application in biomedical devices—A review. Biotechnol Adv 30(1):321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.019
Farah S, Anderson DG, Langer R (2016) Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications—A comprehensive review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:367–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.012
Södergård A, Stolt M (2002) Properties of lactic acid-based polymers and their correlation with composition. Prog Polym Sci 27(6):1123–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00012-6
Van de Velde K, Kiekens P (2002) Biopolymers: overview of several properties and consequences on their applications. Polym Test 21(4):433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00107-6
Ranakoti L, Gangil B, Mishra SK, Singh T, Sharma S, Ilyas RA, El-Khatib S (2022) Critical review on polylactic acid: Properties, structure, processing, biocomposites, and nanocomposites. Materials 15(12):4312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124312
Bajpai PK, Singh I, Madaan J (2014) Development and characterization of PLA-based green composites: a review. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 27(1):52–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705712439571
Mangaraj S, Yadav A, Bal LM, Dash SK, Mahanti NK (2019) Application of biodegradable polymers in food packaging industry: a comprehensive review. J Package Technol Res 3:77–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41783-018-0049-y
Ranakoti L, Gupta MK, Rakesh PK (2019) Analysis of mechanical and tribological behavior of wood flour filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Mater Res Express 6(8):085327. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab2375
Ranakoti L, Rakesh PK (2020) Physio-mechanical characterization of tasar silk waste/jute fiber hybrid composite. Compos Commun 22:100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100526
Ebrahimi F, Ramezani Dana H (2022) Poly lactic acid (PLA) polymers: from properties to biomedical applications. Int J Polym Mater 71(15):1117–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2021.1944140
Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromol Biosci 4(9):835–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400043
Tsuji H, Ikada Y (2000) Properties and morphology of poly (L-lactide) 4. Effects of structural parameters on long-term hydrolysis of poly (L-lactide) in phosphate- buffered solution. Polym Degrad Stab 67(1):179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00111-1
Dorgan JR, Janzen J, Clayton MP, Hait SB, Knauss DM (2005) Melt rheology of variable L-content poly (lactic acid). J Rheol 49(3):607–619. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1896957
Mehta R, Kumar V, Bhunia H, Upadhyay SN (2005) Synthesis of poly (lactic acid): a review. J Macromol Sci C Polym Rev 45(4):325–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15321790500304148
Bigg DM (2005) Polylactide copolymers: Effect of copolymer ratio and end cap** on their properties. Adv Polym Technol 24(2):69–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.20032
Hughes J, Thomas R, Byun Y, Whiteside S (2012) Improved flexibility of thermally stable poly-lactic acid (PLA). Carbohydr Polym 88(1):165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.078
Pyda M, Bopp RC, Wunderlich B (2004) Heat capacity of poly (lactic acid). J Chem Thermodyn 36(9):731–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2004.05.003
Lehermeier HJ, Dorgan JR (2001) Melt rheology of poly (lactic acid): consequences of blending chain architectures. Polym Eng Sci 41(12):2172–2184. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10912
Hamad K, Ko YG, Kaseem M, Deri F (2014) Effect of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene on flow behavior and mechanical properties of polylactic acid/low density polyethylene blend. Asia-Pac. J Chem Eng 9(3):349–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.1802
Fang Q, Hanna MA (1999) Rheological properties of amorphous and semicrystalline polylactic acid polymers. Ind Crops Prod 10(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00009-6
Dorgan JR, Lehermeier H, Mang M (2000) Thermal and rheological properties of commercial-grade poly (lactic acid) s. J Polym Environ 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010185910301
Hamad K, Kaseem M, Yang HW, Deri F, Ko YG (2015) Properties and medical applications of polylactic acid: a review. Express Polym Lett 9(5):435–455. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.42
Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) Effect of water on the oxygen barrier properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide films. J Appl Polym Sci 92(3):1790–1803. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20148
Auras RA, Singh SP, Singh JJ (2005) Evaluation of oriented poly (lactide) polymers vs. existing PET and oriented PS for fresh food service containers. Packag Technol Sci 18(4):207–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.692
Thellen C, Orroth C, Froio D, Ziegler D, Lucciarini J, Farrell R, D’Souza NA, Ratto JA (2005) Influence of montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly (l-lactide) blown films. Polymer 46(25):11716–11727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.057
Bao L, Dorgan JR, Knauss D, Hait S, Oliveira NS, Maruccho IM (2006) Gas permeation properties of poly (lactic acid) revisited. J Membr Sci 285(1–2):166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.021
Karamanlioglu M, Preziosi R, Robson GD (2017) Abiotic and biotic environmental degradation of the bioplastic polymer poly (lactic acid): a review. Polym Degrad Stab 137:122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.009
Hakkarainen M (2002) Aliphatic polyesters: abiotic and biotic degradation and degradation products. Adv Polym Sci 157:113–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45734-8_4
Saha SK, Tsuji H (2006) Effects of molecular weight and small amounts of d-lactide units on hydrolytic degradation of poly (l-lactic acid) s. Polym Degrad Stab 91(8):1665–1673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.12.009
Ho KLG, Pometto AL, Hinz PN (1999) Effects of temperature and relative humidity on polylactic acid plastic degradation. J Environ Polym Degrad 7:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808317416
Sangwan P, Wu DY (2008) New insights into polylactide biodegradation from molecular ecological techniques. Macromol Biosci 8(4):304–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200700317
Henton DE, Gruber P, Lunt J, Randall J (2005) Polylactic acid technology. Natural fibers. Biopolymers Biocomposites 16:527–577
Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP (2006) Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly (lactide). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72:244–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0488-1
Itävaara M, Karjomaa S, Selin JF (2002) Biodegradation of polylactide in aerobic and anaerobic thermophilic conditions. Chemosphere 46(6):879–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00163-1
Tsuji H, Suzuyoshi K (2002) Environmental degradation of biodegradable polyesters 1. Poly (ε-caprolactone), poly [(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate], and poly (L-lactide) films in controlled static seawater. Polym Degrad Stab 75(2):347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00240-3
Tsuji H, Suzuyoshi K (2002) Environmental degradation of biodegradable polyesters 2. Poly (ε-caprolactone), poly [(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate], and poly (L-lactide) films in natural dynamic seawater. Polym Degrad Stab 75(2):357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00239-7
Le Duigou A, Davies, P E T E R, Baley C (2009) Seawater ageing of flax/poly (lactic acid) biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 94(7):1151–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.025
Richert A, Dąbrowska GB (2021) Enzymatic degradation and biofilm formation during biodegradation of polylactide and polycaprolactone polymers in various environments. Int J Biol Macromol 176:226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.202
Kühnert I, Spörer Y, Brünig H, Tran NHA, Rudolph N (2018) Processing of poly (lactic acid). Adv Polym Sci 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_30
Kazmer D (2017) Design of plastic parts. Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, 2nd edn. William Andrew Publishing, pp 593–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-39040-8.00028-6.
Corre YM, Duchet J, Reignier J, Maazouz A (2011) Melt strengthening of poly (lactic acid) through reactive extrusion with epoxy-functionalized chains. Rheol Acta 50:613–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-011-0538-1
Ljungberg N, Andersson T, Wesslén B (2003) Film extrusion and film weldability of poly (lactic acid) plasticized with triacetine and tributyl citrate. J Appl Polym Sci 88(14):3239–3247. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12106
Zhou ZF, Huang GQ, Xu WB, Ren FM (2007) Chain extension and branching of poly (L-lactic acid) produced by reaction with a DGEBA-based epoxy resin. Express Polym Lett 1(11):734. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.101
Anderson KS, Hillmyer MA (2004) The influence of block copolymer microstructure on the toughness of compatibilized polylactide/polyethylene blends. Polymer 45(26):8809–8823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.047
Ljungberg N, Wesslen B (2002) The effects of plasticizers on the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 86(5):1227–1234. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11077
Kulinski B, Piorkowska E (2005) Crystallization, structure and properties of plasticized poly (L-lactide). Polymer 46(23):10290–10300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.101
Martin O, Avérous L (2001) Poly (lactic acid): plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems. Polymer 42(14):6209–6219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00086-6
Hagen R (2013) The potential of PLA for the fiber market. Bioplastic Magazine 8:12–15
Schmack G, Tändler B, Optiz G, Vogel R, Komber H, Häußler L, Voigt D, Weinmann S, Heinemann M, Fritz HG (2004) High-speed melt spinning of various grades of polylactides. J Appl Polym Sci 91(2):800–806. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.13170
Perepelkin KE (2002) Polylactide fibres: fabrication, properties, use, prospects. A review. Fibre Chem 34(2):85–100. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016359925976
Beyreuther R, Brünig H (2006) Dynamics of fibre formation and processing: modeling and application in fibre and textile industry. Springer Science and Business Media
Hahn J, Breier A, Brünig H, Heinrich G (2016) Mechanical adapted embroidered scaffolds based on polylactic acid melt spun multifilaments for ligament tissue engineering. Annual report of Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Dresden, chapter: Biologyinspired interface and material design, pp 42–44
An Tran NH, Brünig H, Hinüber C, Heinrich G (2014) Melt spinning of biodegradable nanofibrillary structures from poly (lactic acid) and poly (vinyl alcohol) blends. Macromol Mater Eng 299(2):219–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201300125
Endres HJ, Siebert-Raths A (2011) Manufacture and chemical structure of biopolymers. Engineering Biopolymers: Markets, Manufacturing, Properties ans Applications, pp 71–148
Ghosh S, Viana JC, Reis RL, Mano JF (2007) Effect of processing conditions on morphology and mechanical properties of injection-molded poly (l-lactic acid). Polym Eng Sci 47(7):1141–1147. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20799
Ghosh S, Viana JC, Reis RL, Mano JF (2008) Oriented morphology and enhanced mechanical properties of poly (l-lactic acid) from shear controlled orientation in injection molding. Mater Sci Eng A 490(1–2):81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.003
Kuehnert I (2009) Cold and hot interfaces during injection molding. In: PPS-25 Polymer Processing Society, Goa, Indien
Kuehnert I, Pompsch I (2011) Morphology and strength of injection molded parts with interfaces. In: Proceedings of SPE Antec
Kuehnert I, Schoenfeldt A, Auf der Landwehr M (2013) New insights into interfaces in injection molded parts. In: Proceedings of SPE Antec, Society of Plastics Engineers, Cincinnati
Kuehnert I, Spoerer Y, Zimmermann M (2016) Weld lines in injection molded parts: strength, morphology and improvement. In: Proceedings of SPE Antec
Ren J (ed) (2011) Biodegradable poly (lactic acid): synthesis, modification, processing and applications. Springer Science and Business Media
Fachagentur Nachwachsender Rohstoffe (FNR) (2016) Processing of bioplastics – a guideline. Report
Kamal MR, Isayev AI (eds) (2012) Injection molding: technology and fundamentals. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG
Maddah HA (2016) Polypropylene as a promising plastic: a review. Am J Polym Sci 6(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20160601.01
Lim LT, Auras R, Rubino M (2008) Processing technologies for poly (lactic acid). Prog Polym Sci 33(8):820–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.004
Reichert CL, Bugnicourt E, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Canesi I, Braca F, Martínez BM, Alonso R, Agostinis L, Verstichel S, Six L, Mets SD, Gómez EC, Ißbrücker C, Geerinck R, Nettleton DF, Campos I, Sauter E, Pieczyk P, Schmid M (2020) Bio-based packaging: materials, modifications, industrial applications and sustainability. Polymers 12(7):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071558
Jamshidian M, Tehrany EA, Imran M, Jacquot M, Desobry S (2010) Poly-lactic acid: production, applications, nanocomposites, and release studies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9(5):552–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00126.x
Aguirre-Joya JA, De Leon-Zapata MA, Alvarez-Perez OB, Torres-León C, Nieto-Oropeza DE, Ventura-Sobrevilla JM, Aguilar MA, Ruelas-Chacón X, Rojas R, Ramos-Aguiñaga ME, Aguilar CN (2018) Basic and applied concepts of edible packaging for foods. In: Food Packaging and Preservation, Academic Press, pp 1–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811516-9.00001-4
Saklani P, Siddhnath DS, Singh SM (2019) A review of edible packaging for foods. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 8(07):2885–2895
Jeevahan J, Anderson A, Sriram V, Durairaj RB, Britto Joseph G, Mageshwaran G (2021) Waste into energy conversion technologies and conversion of food wastes into the potential products: a review. Int J Ambient Energy 42(9):1083–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1537939
Jeevahan J, Chandrasekaran M (2019) Nanoedible films for food packaging: a review. J Mater Sci 54(19):12290–12318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03742-y
Ahmadi P, Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Ahmadi A, Tabibiazar M, Mohammadifar M (2022) Development of ethyl cellulose-based formulations: a perspective on the novel technical methods. Food Rev Int 38(4):685–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1741007
Vasile C (2018) Polymeric nanocomposites and nanocoatings for food packaging: a review. Materials 11(10):1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101834
**ao L, Wang B, Yang G, Gauthier M (2012) Poly (lactic acid)-based biomaterials: synthesis, modification and applications. Biomedical Sci Eng Technol 11:247–282
Bátori V, Åkesson D, Zamani A, Taherzadeh MJ, Horváth IS (2018) Anaerobic degradation of bioplastics: a review. Waste Manage 80:406–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.040
Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2005) Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. CRC
Ahmad A, Banat F, Alsafar H, Hasan SW (2022) An overview of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) production from fermentative lactic acid for biomedical and bioplastic applications. Biomass Convers Biorefin 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02581-3
Jabeen N, Majid I, Nayik GA (2015) Bioplastics and food packaging: a review. Cogent Food Agric 1(1):1117749. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1117749
Liu X, Ma PX (2004) Polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 32:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ABME.0000017544.36001.8e
Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Poly (lactic acid) fiber: an overview. Prog Polym Sci 32(4):455–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.01.005
Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Aisyah HA, Asyraf MRM, Hassan SA, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Sharma S, Bangar SP, Jumaidin R, Nawab Y, Faudzi AAM, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH (2022) Natural fiber-reinforced polylactic acid, polylactic acid blends and their composites for advanced applications. Polymers 14(1):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010202
Leroux JC, Allémann E, De Jaeghere F, Doelker E, Gurny R (1996) Biodegradable nanoparticles—from sustained release formulations to improved site specific drug delivery. J Control Release 39(2–3):339–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(95)00164-6
Fishbein I, Chorny M, Rabinovich L, Banai S, Gati I, Golomb G (2000) Nanoparticulate delivery system of a tyrphostin for the treatment of restenosis. J Control Release 65(1–2):221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00244-8
Matsumoto J, Nakada Y, Sakurai K, Nakamura T, Takahashi Y (1999) Preparation of nanoparticles consisted of poly (L-lactide)–poly (ethylene glycol)–poly (L-lactide) and their evaluation in vitro. Int J Pharm 185(1):93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00153-2
**ng J, Zhang D, Tan T (2007) Studies on the oridonin-loaded poly (D, L-lactic acid) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 40(2):153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.07.001
Rancan F, Papakostas D, Hadam S, Hackbarth S, Delair T, Primard C, Verrier B, Sterry W, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A (2009) Investigation of polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for local dermatotherapy. Pharm Res 26:2027–2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-009-9919-x
Gao H, Wang YN, Fan YG, Ma JB (2005) Synthesis of a biodegradable tadpole- shaped polymer via the coupling reaction of polylactide onto mono (6-(2- aminoethyl) amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin and its properties as the new carrier of protein delivery system. J Control Release 107(1):158–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.010
Dong Y, Feng SS (2006) Nanoparticles of poly (D, L-lactide)/methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (D, L-lactide) blends for controlled release of paclitaxel. J Biomed Mater Res A 78(1):12–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30684
Pan J, Feng SS (2008) Targeted delivery of paclitaxel using folate-decorated poly (lactide)–vitamin E TPGS nanoparticles. Biomaterials 29(17):2663–2672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.02.020
Betancourt T, Byrne JD, Sunaryo N, Crowder SW, Kadapakkam M, Patel S, Casciato S, Brannon-Peppas L (2009) PEGylation strategies for active targeting of PLA/PLGA nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 91(1):263–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32247
Gref R, Minamitake Y, Peracchia MT, Trubetskoy V, Torchilin V, Langer R (1994) Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science 263(5153):1600–1603. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8128245
Italia JL, Bhardwaj V, Kumar MR (2006) Disease, destination, dose and delivery aspects of ciclosporin: the state of the art. Drug Discov Today 11(17–18):846–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2006.07.015
Zhao J, Mi Y, Liu Y, Feng SS (2012) Quantitative control of targeting effect of anticancer drugs formulated by ligand-conjugated nanoparticles of biodegradable copolymer blend. Biomaterials 33(6):1948–1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.051
Cheng CJ, Tietjen GT, Saucier-Sawyer JK, Saltzman WM (2015) A holistic approach to targeting disease with polymeric nanoparticles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 14(4):239–247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4503
Kamaly N, **ao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC (2012) Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 41(7):2971–3010. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS15344K
Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P (2013) Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat Mater 12(11):991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3776
Yu Y, Chen CK, Law WC, Weinheimer E, Sengupta S, Prasad PN, Cheng C (2014) Polylactide-graft-doxorubicin nanoparticles with precisely controlled drug loading for pH-triggered drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 15(2):524–532. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm401471p
Haers PE, Suuronen R, Lindqvist C, Sailer H (1998) Biodegradable polylactide plates and screws in orthognathic surgery. J Cranio-maxillofacial Surg 26(2):87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-5182(98)80045-0
Van Sliedregt A, Radder AM, De Groot K, Van Blitterswijk CA (1992) In vitro biocompatibility testing of polylactides part I proliferation of different cell types. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 3:365–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705369
Dürselen L, Dauner M, Hierlemann H, Planck H, Claes LE, Ignatius A (2001) Resorbable polymer fibers for ligament augmentation. J Biomed Mater Res 58(6):666–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.1067
Kanno T, Sukegawa S, Furuki Y, Nariai Y, Sekine J (2018) Overview of innovative advances in bioresorbable plate systems for oral and maxillofacial surgery. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 54(3):127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.003
Eppley BL, Morales L, Wood R, Pensler J, Goldstein J, Havlik RJ, Habal M, Losken A, Williams JK, Burstein F, Rozzelle AA, Sadove AM (2004) Resorbable PLLA-PGA plate and screw fixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery: clinical experience in 1883 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 114(4):850–856. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000132856.69391.43
Imola MJ, Schramm VL (2002) Resorbable internal fixation in pediatric cranial base surgery. Laryngoscope 112(10):1897–1901. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200210000-00038
Güleçyüz MF, Mazur A, Schröder C, Braun C, Ficklscherer A, Roßbach BP, Müller PE, Pietschmann MF (2015) Influence of temperature on the biomechanical stability of titanium, PEEK, poly-l-lactic acid, and β–tricalcium phosphate poly-l-lactic acid suture anchors tested on human humeri in vitro in a wet environment. Arthrosc: J Arthrosc Relat Surg 31(6):1134–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.12.021
Huh BK, Kim BH, Kim SN, Park CG, Lee SH, Kim KR, Heo CY, Choy YB (2017) Surgical suture braided with a diclofenac-loaded strand of poly (lactic-co- glycolic acid) for local, sustained pain mitigation. Mater Sci Eng C 79:209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.024
Schrumpf MA, Lee AT, Weiland AJ (2011) Foreign-body reaction and osteolysis induced by an intraosseous poly-l-lactic acid suture anchor in the wrist: case report. J Hand Surg 36(11):1769–1773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.08.012
Liu S, Wu G, Chen X, Zhang X, Yu J, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang P (2019) Degradation behavior in vitro of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composite suture. Polymers 11(6):1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11061015
Benicewicz BC, Hopper PK (1990) Polymers for absorbable surgical sutures—part I. J Bioact Compat Polym 5(4):453–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/088391159000500407
Hasanpur E, Ghazavizadeh A, Sadeghi A, Haboussi M (2021) In vitro corrosion study of PLA/Mg composites for cardiovascular stent applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 124:104768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104768
Castro-Aguirre E, Iniguez-Franco F, Samsudin H, Fang X, Auras R (2016) Poly (lactic acid)—Mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:333–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.010
Balla E, Daniilidis V, Karlioti G, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Vlachopoulos A, Koumentakou I, Bikiaris DN (2021) Poly (lactic acid): a versatile biobased polymer for the future with multifunctional properties—from monomer synthesis, polymerization techniques and molecular weight increase to PLA applications. Polymers 13(11):1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111822
Kabirian F, Ditkowski B, Zamanian A, Heying R, Mozafari M (2018) An innovative approach towards 3D-printed scaffolds for the next generation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Mater Today: Proc 5(7):15586–15594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.167
Adesina OT, Jamiru T, Sadiku ER, Ogunbiyi OF, Adegbola TA (2019) Water absorption and thermal degradation behavior of graphene reinforced poly(lactic) acid nanocomposite. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 627:012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/627/1/012015
Bouzouita A, Notta-Cuvier D, Raquez JM, Lauro F, Dubois P (2018) Poly (lactic acid)-based materials for automotive applications. Adv Polym Sci 177–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_10
Kim K, Luu YK, Chang C, Fang D, Hsiao BS, Chu B, Hadjiargyrou M (2004) Incorporation and controlled release of a hydrophilic antibiotic using poly (lactide- co-glycolide)-based electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. J Control Release 98(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.04.009
Cicero JA, Dorgan JR (2001) Physical properties and fiber morphology of poly (lactic acid) obtained from continuous two-step melt spinning. J Polym Environ 9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016012818800
Agrawal AK, Bhalla R (2003) Advances in the production of poly (lactic acid) fibers. A review. J Macromol Sci C: Polym Rev 43(4):479–503. https://doi.org/10.1081/MC-120025975
Penning JP, Dijkstra H, Pennings AJ (1993) Preparation and properties of absorbable fibres from L-lactide copolymers. Polymer 34(5):942–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90212-S
Farrington DW, Lunt J, Davies S, Blackburn RS (2005) Poly (lactic acid) fibers. Biodegradable Sustainable Fibres 6:191–220
Auras R, Lim LT, Selke S, Tsuji H (2010) Poly (lactic acid): synthesis, structures, properties, Processing, and applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey, pp 469–476
Acknowledgements
No financial support is taken from any funding agencies for the present work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Shekhar, N., Mondal, A. Synthesis, properties, environmental degradation, processing, and applications of Polylactic Acid (PLA): an overview. Polym. Bull. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05252-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-024-05252-7