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A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and in vitro propagation of an endemic medicinal orchid, Dactylorhiza hatagirea

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Abstract

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo, also known as Himalayan Marsh Orchid or Salam Panja, belongs to the Orchidaceae family. It is found in sub-alpine to alpine regions at 2500–5000 m above sea level. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phytochemistry, medicinal uses, toxicity, and conservation status of D. hatagirea and to find the research gaps to promote progress in studies of this orchid. Secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins, were reported from the aerial and underground parts of this medicinal orchid. Several phytocompounds, such as dactylorhins A, B, C, D, and E and dactylose A and B, were isolated from the dried roots of D. hatagirea. A wide range of in vitro and in vivo assays was used to assess the biological properties of D. hatagirea, such as antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, diuretic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, wound healing, hypoglycemic, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities. It was also reported to boost testosterone levels, improving sexual desire and arousal. Due to overexploitation and a restricted habitat range, this essential medicinal plant has reached the extinction stage; therefore, a conservation-friendly harvesting approach is needed for this medicinal herb. In vitro techniques such as micropropagation, synthetic seed generation, and hairy root technology can contribute to its conservation. This review provides comprehensive insights into the botanical features, traditional uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological importance, and toxicity evaluation of this medicinal orchid. This review also provides detailed information on the conservation status of D. hatagirea and strategies to overcome the exploitation of this orchid.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (HP), for providing the support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Head Post Office, Solan, H.P, India

    Subhash Sharma, Chandrika Attri Seth, Anuradha Sourirajan & Kamal Dev

  2. University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India

    Vikas Kumar

  3. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt

    Mohamed El-Shazly

  4. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 4543, USA

    Kamal Dev

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  1. Subhash Sharma
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Contributions

Subhash Sharma (SS) collected the literature and drafted the manuscript. Vikas Kumar (VK), and Chandrika Attri Seth (CAS) participated in drafting the phytochemistry portion and preparation of the final draft; Anuradha Sourirajan (AS) and Kamal Dev (KD) participated in the final editing and manuscript revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.

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Correspondence to Vikas Kumar, Mohamed El-Shazly or Kamal Dev.

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Sharma, S., Kumar, V., Seth, C.A. et al. A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and in vitro propagation of an endemic medicinal orchid, Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 2621–2635 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02827-5

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