Abstract
In this work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) multiparameter sensor for simultaneous determination of refractive index and temperature was manufactured through a novel and low-cost approach. Monitoring these parameters is useful when biosensors are developed by exploiting SPR phenomena. A polymer planar optical structure was realized via inkjet 3D printing, by using photo-curable resins having tailored refractive index for device’s core and cladding, respectively. The multiparameter sensor was fully designed, manufactured, and experimentally tested to check the numerical analyses run on a preliminary phase. In such a way, a temperature resolution equal to about 0.5 °C and a refractive index resolution equal to about 2 × 10−4 RIU (refractive index unit) were obtained. Next, even a quality control analysis of the 3D printed surface was carried out by following a novel approach that relies on the profile monitoring technique, with the aim to evaluate the suitability of the design and the geometric accuracy control. In addition, thanks to the cost analysis performed through a properly model, it was proved that the multiparameter sensor designed, manufactured, and tested satisfies the low-cost requirements, being the estimated cost ~ 23 €, which is an absolutely competitive cost if compared with other traditional sensors. In the end, even the performance of the sensor in terms of bulk sensitivity (equal to about 900 nm/RIU) resulted to be higher than similar devices already presented in the state-of-the-art, thus proving the validity of the developed SPR multiparameter sensor both in economic and performance terms.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data are fully available and can be shared openly.
References
Zhang Z, Zhao P, Sun F et al (2007) Self-referencing in optical-fiber surface plasmon resonance sensors. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 19:1958–1960. https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2007.909669
Li L, Li X, **e Z et al (2012) Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using thinned fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Opt Commun 285:3945–3949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2012.05.060
Flores-Bravo JA, Fernandez R, Antonio Lopez E et al (2021) Simultaneous sensing of refractive index and temperature with supermode interference. J Light Technol 39:7351–7357. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2021.3113863
Yu X, Chen X, Bu D et al (2016) In-fiber modal interferometer for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 28:189–192. https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2015.2489559
Zhang W, Wu X, Wu X et al (2021) Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature or temperature and axial strain based on an inline Mach-Zehnder interferometer with TCF–TF–TCF structure. Appl Opt 60:1522–1528. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.417124
Wang F, Pang K, Ma T et al (2020) Folded-tapered multimode-no-core fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature. Opt Laser Technol 130:106333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106333
Bai Y, Yin B, Liu C et al (2014) Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on NFN Structure. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 26:2193–2196. https://doi.org/10.23919/PS.2019.8817732
Dong Y, **ao S, Wu B et al (2019) Refractive index and temperature sensor based on D-shaped fiber combined with a fiber bragg grating. IEEE Sens J 19:1362–1367. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2880305
Meng H, Shen W, Zhang G et al (2010) Fiber Bragg grating-based fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature. Sensors Actuators, B Chem 150:226–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.07.010
Zawisza R, Eftimov T, Mikulic P, et al (2018) Ambient refractive-index measurement with simultaneous temperature monitoring based on a dual-resonance long-period grating inside a fiber loop mirror structure. Sensors (Switzerland) 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072370
Zheng J, Liu B, Zhao L, et al (2022) An optical sensor designed from cascaded anti-resonant reflection waveguide and fiber ring-shaped structure for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature. IEEE Photonics J 14. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3144156
Hu Y, Lin Q, Yan F et al (2020) Simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature based on a hybrid fiber interferometer. IEEE Sens J 20:13411–13417. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3006089
Huang J, Lan X, Kaur A et al (2014) Temperature compensated refractometer based on a cascaded SMS/LPFG fiber structure. Sensors Actuators, B Chem 198:384–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.03.062
Ma T, Yuan J, Sun L, et al (2017) Simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature based on microdisk resonator with two whispering-gallery modes. IEEE Photonics J 9. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2648259
Hu T, Zhao Y, Song A (2016) Fiber optic SPR sensor for refractive index and temperature measurement based on MMF-FBG-MMF structure. Sensors Actuators, B Chem 237:521–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.119
Zhang P, Lu B, Sun Y et al (2019) Side-polished flexible SPR sensor modified by graphene with in situ temperature self-compensation. Biomed Opt Express 10:215. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.10.000215
Velázquez-González JS, Monzón-Hernández D, Moreno-Hernández D et al (2017) Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using a SPR-based fiber optic sensor. Sensors Actuators, B Chem 242:912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.164
**anchao Y, Ying L, Baolin L, Jianquan Y (2017) Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on SPR in D-shaped MOF. Appl Opt 56:4369–4374. https://doi.org/10.23919/PS.2019.8817732
Liu L, Zheng J, Deng S, et al (2021) Parallel polished plastic optical fiber-based spr sensor for simultaneous measurement of ri and temperature. IEEE Trans InstrumMeas 70. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3072136
Wang J-K, Ying Y, Gao Z, et al (2022) Double-sided photonic crystal fiber (PCF) temperature and refractive index (RI) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2022.2078835
Hoa XD, Kirk AG, Tabrizian M (2007) Towards integrated and sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensors: a review of recent progress. Biosens Bioelectron 23:151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2007.07.001
Fiorini GS, Chiu DT (2005) Disposable microfluidic devices: fabrication, function, and application. Biotechniques 38:429–446. https://doi.org/10.2144/05383RV02
Takezawa Y, Akasaka S, Ohara S et al (1994) Low excess losses in a Y-branching plastic optical waveguide formed through injection molding. Appl Opt 33:2307. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.002307
Park H-J (2011) Low-cost 1×2 plastic optical beam splitter using a V-type angle polymer waveguide for the automotive network. Opt Eng 50:075002. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3595428
Klotzbuecher T, Braune T, Dadic D et al (2003) Fabrication of optical 1x2 POF couplers using the laser-LIGA technique. Laser Micromach Optoelectron Device Fabr 4941:121. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.470165
Mizuno H, Sugihara O, Kaino T et al (2005) Compact Y-branch-type polymeric optical waveguide devices with large-core connectable to plastic optical fibers. Japanese J Appl Physics, Part 1 Regul Pap Short Notes Rev Pap 44:8504–8506
Ehsan AA, Shaari S, Rahman MKA (2008) Design and fabrication of an acrylic-based 1×2 POF coupler using CNC Machining. IEEE IntConf Semicond Electron Proceedings, ICSE 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMELEC.2008.4770337
Prajzler V, Neruda M, Špirková J (2013) Planar large core polymer optical 1x2 and 1x4 splitters connectable to plastic optical fiber. Radioengineering 22:751–757
Prajzler V, Kulha P, Knietel M, Enser H (2017) Large core plastic planar optical splitter fabricated by 3D printing technology. Opt Commun 400:38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.04.070
Cook K, Canning J, Leon-Saval S et al (2015) Air-structured optical fiber drawn from a 3D-printed preform. Opt Lett 40:3966. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.003966
Luo Y, Canning J, Zhang J, Peng GD (2020) Toward optical fibre fabrication using 3D printing technology. Opt Fiber Technol 58:102299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102299
Cennamo N, Saitta L, Tosto C, et al (2021) Microstructured surface plasmon resonance sensor based on inkjet 3d printing using photocurable resins with tailored refractive index. Polymers (Basel) 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152518
Budzik G, Woźniak J, Paszkiewicz A, et al (2021) Methodology for the quality control process of additive manufacturing products made of polymer materials. Materials (Basel) 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092202
Villarraga-Gómez H, (2018) The role of X-ray computed tomography in the 3D printing revolution. RAPID + TCT 2018 Conference, Fort Worth, Texas USA. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20154.70089
Dorweiler B, Baqué PE, Chaban R et al (2021) Quality control in 3D printing: accuracy analysis of 3D-printed models of patient-specific anatomy. Materials (Basel) 14:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14041021
Khosravani MR, Reinicke T (2020) On the use of X-ray computed tomography in assessment of 3D-printed components. J Nondestruct Eval 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00721-1
Mahmoud MA, Woodall WH (2004) Phase I analysis of linear profiles with calibration applications. Technometrics 46:380–391. https://doi.org/10.1198/004017004000000455
Xu Y, Wu X, Guo X et al (2017) The boom in 3D-printed sensor technology. Sensors 17:1166
Muñoz J, Pumera M (2020) Accounts in 3D-printed electrochemical sensors: towards monitoring of environmental pollutants. ChemElectroChem 7:3404–3413. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000601
Drotning WD, Roth EP (1989) Effects of moisture on the thermal expansion of poly(methylmethacrylate). J Mater Sci 24:3137–3140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01139031
Vitoria I, Zamarreño CR, Ozcariz A, Matias IR (2021) Fiber optic gas sensors based on lossy mode resonances and sensing materials used therefor: a comprehensive review. Sensors (Switzerland) 21:1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030731
Del Villar I, Arregui FJ, Zamarreño CR et al (2017) Optical sensors based on lossy-mode resonances. Sensors Actuators, B Chem 240:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.126
Cennamo N, Arcadio F, Noel L et al (2021) Flexible and ultrathin metal-oxide films for multiresonance-based sensors in plastic optical fibers. ACS Appl Nano Mater 4:10902–10910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c02345
Funding
The authors received funding for this project from Università degli Studi di Catania under the Grant Scheme PIACERI with the project MAF-moF “Materiali multifunzionali per dispositive micro-optofluidici.” Gianluca Cicala also received Italian MIUR grant number 20179SWLKA Project Title Multiple Advanced Materials Manufactured by Additive technologies (MAMMA), under the PRIN funding Scheme.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Lorena Saitta wrote the paper, performed device design and manufacturing, carried out the quality control analysis, and run the cost analysis; Francesco Arcadio wrote the paper and run the numerical and experimental tests; Giovanni Celano carried out the quality control analysis; Gianluca Cicala, Nunzio Cennamo, Luigi Zeni, and Claudio Tosto reviewed the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The paper does not request for ethics approval.
Consent for publication
Yes.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Disclaimer
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Saitta, L., Arcadio, F., Celano, G. et al. Design and manufacturing of a surface plasmon resonance sensor based on inkjet 3D printing for simultaneous measurements of refractive index and temperature. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 124, 2261–2278 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10614-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10614-4