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Characteristics of Multiples in GPR Surveys and the Influencing Factors in Horizontal Strata

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Abstract

There are various types of multiples associated with ground-penetrating radar, with complex propagation paths, which seriously affects the identification of primary waves and profile interpretation. In this paper, the response of each type of multiple in velocity-increasing horizontal laminar media is systematically simulated by the ray-tracing method, the multiple travel time difference characteristics, reflection coefficient characteristics, velocity characteristics and influencing factors are analysed, and the multiple categories in the field data are identified. The numerical simulation results show that the travel time differences of multiples exhibit time and spatial variation characteristics and autocorrelation energy dispersion at far offset distances. The first-layer bottom multiples and the first-layer bottom primary wave, other surface-related multiples and the second-layer bottom primary wave, and reverberation and internal multiples have similar reflection coefficient characteristics. The velocity of internal multiples is the highest, the velocity of the second-layer bottom multiples is higher than that of the reverberation and other surface-related multiples, and the velocity of low-order multiples is higher than that of high-order multiples; the first-layer bottom multiples have the same propagation velocity as the first-layer bottom primary wave. The stratigraphic combination, electrical parameters of the medium, polarization mode of the antenna and field acquisition method all affect the multiple energy. This study can provide a theoretical basis for multiple identification, removal and profile interpretation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the considerable support by the general projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41374116 and 41674113) and the Scientific and Technological Research Project of Anhui Province and Huaihe River Water Resources Institute (No. KJGG202002).

Funding

General projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 41374116, Scientific and Technological Research Project of Anhui Province and Huaihe River Water Resources Institute, KJGG202002

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hohai University, Jiangning, No. 8 Focheng West Rd, Nan**g, People’s Republic of China

    Kuiye Wei, Hongbing Zhang & **ang Zhao

  2. Anhui and Huaihe River Water Resources Institute, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China

    Kuiye Wei & Shibin Zhu

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  1. Kuiye Wei
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  2. Hongbing Zhang
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Kuiye Wei and Hongbing Zhang wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hongbing Zhang.

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Wei, K., Zhang, H., Zhu, S. et al. Characteristics of Multiples in GPR Surveys and the Influencing Factors in Horizontal Strata. Pure Appl. Geophys. 179, 4595–4607 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03170-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03170-1

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