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Bony Fish Cypriniformes Cyprinidae: goldfishes
PITCHER, T. J., & HOUSE, A. C. (1987). Foraging rules for group feeders: Area copying depends upon food density in shoaling goldfish. Ethology, 76, 161–167.
Perciformes Percichthyidae: temperate basses
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Haemulidae: grunts
HELFMAN, G. S., & SCHULTZ, E. T. (1984). Social transmission of behavioural traditions in a coral reef fish. Animal Behaviour, 32, 379–384.
Cichlidae: cichlids
HAESEN, W., & WIJFFELS, H. (1970). An experimental study concerning the possible existence of “observational learning“ in the fish Cichlasoma Meeki (Pisces, Cichlidae). Psychological Abstracts, 44, 851 (Abstract no. 8079).
Gobiidae: gobies
SUGITA, Y. (1980). Imitative choice behavior in guppies. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 7–12.
Birds Anseriformes Anatidae: ducks
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Falconiformes Accipitridae: vultures
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Galliformes Phasianidae: chickens, hens, moorhens, and quails
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Charadriiformes Haematopodidae: oyster catchers
NORTON-GRIFFITHS, M. (1969). The organization, control, and development of parental feeding in the oyster catcher (Haematopus ostralegus). Behaviour, 34, 55–114.
Laridae: gulls
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Columbiformes Columbidae: pigeons
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Passeriformes Tyrannidae: fly-catchers
ALCOCK, J. (1969). Observational learning by fork-tailed fly-catchers (muscivora tyrannus). Animal Behaviour, 17, 652–657.
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Corvidae: jackdaws and jays
JONES, T. B., & KAMIL, A. C. (1973). Tool-making and tool-using in the Northern Blue Jay. Science, 180, 1076–1078.
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Turdidae: thrushes
SASVÁRI, L. (1985). Different observational learning capacity in juvenile and adult individuals of congeneric bird species. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 69, 293–304.
Paridae: chickadees and tits
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Sturnidae: starlings
CONOVER, M. R., & PERITO, J. J. (1981). Response of starlings to distress calls and predator models holding conspecific prey. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 57, 163–172.
ROTHSCHILD, M., & FORD, R. (1968). Warning signals from a Starling Sturnus vulgaris observing a bird rejecting unpalatable prey. Ibis, 110, 104–105.
Icteridae: blackbirds
CURIO, E., ERNST, U., & VIETH, W. (1978). Cultural transmission of enemy recognition: One function of mobbing. Science, 202, 899–901.
CURIO, E., ERNST, U., & VIETH, W. (1978). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing. II. Cultural transmission of enemy recognition in blackbirds: Effectiveness and some constraints. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 48, 184–202.
MASON, J. R. (1988). Direct and observational learning by redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus): The importance of complex visual stimuli. In T. R. Zentall & B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 99–115). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
MASON, J. R., & REIDINGER, R. F. (1981). Effects of social facilitation and observational learning on feeding behavior of the red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus). The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, 98, 778–784.
MASON, J. R., ARZT, A. H., & REIDINGER, R. F. (1984). Comparative assessment of food preferences and aversions acquired by blackbirds via observational learning. The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, 101,796–803.
MASON, J. R., RUSSELL, J., & REIDINGER, R. F. (1982). Observational learning of food aversions in Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, 99, 548–554.
PORTER, J. P. (1910). Intelligence and imitation in birds; a criterion of imitation. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 1–71.
Emberizidae: juncos
PORTER, J. P. (1910). Intelligence and imitation in birds; a criterion of imitation. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 1–71.
Ploceidae: sparrows
ALCOCK, J. (1969). Observational learning in three species of birds. Ibis, 111, 308–321.
BARNARD, C. J., & SIBLY, R. M. (1981). Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows. Animal Behaviour, 29, 543–550.
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Fringillidae: finches
KLOPFER, P. H. (1959). Social interactions in discrimination learning with special reference to feeding behaviour in birds. Behaviour, 14, 282–299.
WERNER, T. K. (1988). Behavioral, individual feeding specializations by Pinaroloxias inornata, the Darwin’s finch of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 1573B
Psittaciformes Psittacidae: budgerigars
DAWSON, B. V., & FOSS, B. M. (1965). Observational learning in budgerigars. Animal Behaviour, 13, 470–474.
GALEF, B. G., MANZIG, L. A., & FIELD, R. M. (1986). Imitation learning in budgerigars: Dawson and Foss (1965) revisited. Behavioural Processes, 13, 191–202.
Mammals Chiroptera Megadermatidae: false vampire bats
VAUGHAN, T. A. (1976). Nocturnal behavior of the African false vampire bat (Cardioderma cor). Journal of Mammalogy, 57, 227–248.
Vespertilionidae: brown and desert bats
GAUDET, C. L., & FENTON, M. B. (1984). Observational learning in three species of insectivorous bats (Chiroptera). Animal Behaviour, 32, 385–388.
Primates General
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Lemuridae: lemurs
FELDMAN, D. W., & KLOPFER, P. H. (1972). A study of observational learning in lemurs. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 30, 297–304.
Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
FRAGASY, D. M., & VISABERGHI, E. (1989). Social influences on the acquisition of tool-using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 103, 159–170.
HAGGERTY, M. E. (1909). Imitation in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 19, 337–455.
HUEBNER, D. K., LENTZ, J. L., WOOLEY, M. J., & KING, J. E. (1979). Responses to snakes by surrogate-and mother-reared squirrel monkeys. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14, 33–36.
THORNDIKE, E. L. (1901). The mental life of the monkeys; an experimental study. Psychological Review Monographs, Supplement 3, 1–57.
WATSON, J. B. (1908). Imitation in monkeys. Psychological Bulletin, 5, 169–178.
Cercopithecidae: baboons, macaques, Patas monkeys, and vervet monkeys
BALL, J. (1938). A case of apparent imitation in a monkey. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 52, 439–442.
BECK, B. B. (1972). Tool use in captive hamadryas baboons. Primates, 13, 276–296.
BECK, B. B. (1973). Observation learning of tool use by captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38, 579–582.
BECK, B. B. (1974). Baboons, chimpanzees and tools. Journal of Human Evolution, 3, 509–516.
BECK, B. B. (1976). Tool use by captive pigtailed macaques. Primates, 77, 301–310.
CAMBEFORT, J. P. (1981). A comparative study of culturally transmitted patterns of feeding habits in the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) and the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Folia Primatologica, 36, 243–263.
CHAMOVE, A. S. (1974). Failure to find rhesus observational learning. Journal of Behavioural Science, 2, 39–41.
COOK, M., & MINEKA, S. (1987). Second-order conditioning and overshadowing in the observational conditioning of fear in monkeys. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 349–364.
COOK, M., MINEKA, S., WOLKENSTEIN, B., & LAITSCH, K. (1985). Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 591–610.
DARBY, C. L. (1959). Observational learning in the rhesus monkey. Dissertation Abstracts, 79, 2664.
DARBY, C. L., & RIOPELLE, A. J. (1959). Observational learning in the Rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 52, 94–98.
DE BENEDICTES, T. (1973). The behavior of young primates during adult copulation: Observations of a Macaca irus colony. American Anthropologist, 75, 1469–1484.
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GREEN, S. (1975). Dialects in Japanese monkeys: Vocal learning and cultural transmission of locale-specific vocal behavior. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 38, 304–314.
HAGGERTY, M. E. (1909). Imitation in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 19, 337–455.
HALL, K. R. L. (1963). Variations in the ecology of the chacma baboon, Papio ursinus. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 10, 1–28.
HALL, K. R. L. (1968). Social learning in monkeys. In P. Jay (Ed.), Primates: studies in adaptation and variability (pp. 383–397). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
HALL, K. R. L., & Devore, I. (1965). Baboon social behavior. In I. DeVore (Ed.), Primate behavior: Field studies of monkeys and apes (pp. 53–110). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
HALL, K. R. L., & GOSWELL, M. J. (1964). Aspects of social learning in captive Patas monkeys. Primates, 5, 59–70.
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JOUVENTIN, P., PASTEUR, G., & CAMBEFORT, J. P. (1977). Observational learning of baboons and avoidance of mimics: Exploratory tests. Evolution, 31, 214–218.
KAWAI, M. (1965). Newly-acquired pre-cultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima Islet. Primates, 6, 1–30.
KAWAMURA, S. (1959). The process of sub-culture propagation among Japanese macaques. Primates, 2, 43–60.
KAWAMURA, S. (1972). The pre-culture in the Japanese macaques. In Colloques internationaux du C.N.R.S., No. 198, Modèles animaux du comportement humain (pp. 155–179). Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
KINNAMAN, A. J. (1902). Mental life of two Macacus Rhesus monkeys in captivity-II. American Journal of Psychology, 13, 173–218.
KUMMER, H. (1971). Primate societies: Group techniques in ecological adaptation. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
MEIER, G. W. (1971). Operant cycles and imitational learning in a social setting. Primates, 12, 221–227.
MINEKA, S., & COOK, M. (1986). Immunization against the observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 307–318.
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MIYADI, D. (1964). Social life in Japanese monkeys. Science, 143, 783–786.
MYERS, W. A. (1970). Observational learning in monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of behavior, 14, 225–235.
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Pongidae: chimpanzees, gorillas, and ourangs
BECK, B. B. (1974). Baboons, chimpanzees and tools. Journal of Human Evolution, 3, 509–516.
CRAWFORD, M. P., & SPENCE, K. W. (1939). Observational learning of discrimination problems by chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 27, 133–147.
GARDNER, R. A., & GARDNER, B. T. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science, 165, 664–672.
HANNAH, A., & MCGREW, W. (1987). Chimpanzees using stones to crack open oil palm nuts in Liberia. Primates, 28, 31–46.
HAYES, K. J., & HAYES, C. (1952). Imitation in a home raised chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 45, 450–459.
KÖHLER, W. (1925). The mentality of apes. New York: Harcourt Brace.
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Rodentia Sciuridae: squirrels
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Muridae: rats, mice, hamsters, and gerbils
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Cetacea Delphinidae: dolphins
RICHARDS, D. G., WOLZ, J. P., & HERMAN, L. M. (1984). Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 98, 10–28.
Carnivora Canidae: dogs
ADLER, L. L., & ADLER, H. E. (1968). Age as a factor in observational learning in puppies. American Dachshund, March, 13–14.
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Procyonidae: raccoons
COLE, L. W. (1907). Concerning the intelligence of raccoons. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 77, 211–261.
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Mustelidae: otters
HALL, K. R. L., & SCHALLER, G. B. (1964). Tool-using behaviour of the California sea otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 45, 287–298.
Felidae: cats and lions
ADLER, H. E. (1955). Some factors of observational learning in cats. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 86, 159–177.
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Perissodactyla Equidae: horses
BAER, K. L., POTTER, G. D., FRIEND, T. H., & BEAVER, B. V. (1983). Observation effects on learning in horses. Applied Animal Ethology, 11, 123–129.
BAKER, A. M., & CRAWFORD, B. H. (1986). Observational learning in horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 15, 7–13.
Artiodactyla Cervidae: moose
EDWARDS, J. (1976). Learning to eat by following the mother in moose calves. American Midland Naturalist, 96, 229–232.
Bovidae: sheep
CHAPPLE, R. S., WODZICKA-TOMASZEWSKA, M., & LYNCH, J. J. (1987). The learning behavior of sheep when introduced tos wheat: II. Social transmission of wheat feeding and the role of the senses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 18, 163–172.
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The present research was supported by Grant 2602 from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The author thanks François Y. Doré (Université Laval, Québec City) for providing some of the listed references.
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Robert, M. Observational Learning in Fish, Birds, and Mammals: A Classified Bibliography Spanning Over 100 Years of Research. Psychol Rec 40, 289–311 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399565
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399565