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Paläoklimatologische eindrücke aus australien nebst einigen allgemeinen Bemerkungen zur älteren Klimageschichte der Erde

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Zusammenfassung

Einige Reisebeobachtungen über die Tillite (vor allem des Proterozoikums und Jung-Paläozoikums) Australiens werden mitgeteilt und einige allgemeine Bemerkungen zur älteren Klimageschichte der Erde und zur Klimageschichte Australiens angeschlossen.

Kurze historische Bemerkungen zum Begriff „Tillit“ (A. Penck 1906);

übersicht einiger wichtiger Bezeichnungen für nicht-sortierte Sedimente.

Spezielle Beobachtungen und Bemerkungen zu Tilliten in Australien

Proterozoische Tillite (u. a. im Sturt Valley und in Zentral-Australien; bemerkenswert ist ihre z. T. sehr gro\e Mächtigkeit; glaziale Entstehung ist wahrscheinlich). - Permo-karbonische Vereisung (diese Vereisungsspuren gehören zu den sichersten präquartären Vorkommen auf der Erde; Bänderschiefer mit Tierfährten und „Tageswarwen“; Glendonite, d.h. Pseudomorphosen nach Glauberit, sind möglicherweise Zeugen für relativ kühles Klima).

Mesozoikum (Pseudo-„Eistransport“ in der Trias der Blue Mts. und in der Kreide).

Einige allgemeine Bemerkungen zur älteren Klimageschichte der Erde

Das eocambrische Eiszeitalter war vermutlich die ungewöhnlichste Kälteperiode der Erdgeschichte (lange Dauer; weite Verbreitung von Tilliten), ja, vielleicht überhaupt das ungewöhnlichste Klima-Ereignis seit mindestens etwa 600 Millionen Jahren. Eine Beziehung zum Faunen-Schnitt an der Grenze Präcambrium-Carnbrium scheint möglich.

Einige Argumente gegenPascual Jordans Ansicht, da\ das Klima im Karbon gleichförmig gewesen sei; die Erklärung der angeblichen Gleichförmigkeit durch eine geschlossene Wolkendecke widerspricht den paläoklimatologischen Befunden. Die weitere Hypothese, da\ die (tatsächlich gar nicht vorhandene) äquatoriale Lage der permo-karbonischen Tillite durch äquatorialen Hagel zu erklären sei, wird gleichfalls abgelehnt. - Da\ Jahresringe bei permo-karbonisehen Bäumen meist fehlen, kann nicht durch vollkommen gleichförmiges Klima erklärt werden, weil das völlig abweichende meteorologische Verhältnisse voraussetzen würde.

Für das Permo-Karbon kann man (entgegenAxelrod) nicht gut annehmen, da\ die fossilen Floren stabile (und nicht driftende) Kontinente beweisen.

Salinare Sedimente in Australien

Man kennt jetzt sehr alte Salzablagerungen aus Australien (Alt-Paläozoikum? Proterozoikum?), auch Salzdome. Aber überraschenderweise fehlen mesozoische und im wesentlichen auch tertiäre salinare Ablagerungen fast ganz. Die ausgeprägte rezente Aridität ist ein ganz junger Charakterzug des Kontinents.

überblick der Klimageschichte Australiens

Nach glazialen Verhältnissen im jüngeren Proterozoikum und mächtigen KorallenriffBildungen im Devon folgen die permo-karbonischen Glaziale. Im höheren Perm war es kühl-gemä\igt, im Mesozoikum weder besonders trocken noch besonders warm. Das Tertiär war z. T. feuchter als heute (Latente, Braunkohlen), z. T. (auch nach O18/O16-Daten) wärmer. Das Quartär war wohl meist feuchter, z. T. aber auch trockener. (Einige Hinweise auf Lunette-Dünen und das australische Lö\-äquivalent Parna.) Im ganzen entspricht die Klimageschichte vom PermoKarbon bis heute einer langsamen Wanderung des australischen Kontinents von der polaren über eine kühl- und dann warmgemä\igte Klimazone zum subtropischen Hochdruckgürtel. In Australien wurde es also seit dem Permo-Karbon immer wärmer, in Europa immer kühler.

Die paläomagnetischen Messungen stimmen — wenigstens für den Zeitraum seit dem Alt-Paläozoikum — mit den geologisch-paläoklimatologischen Ergebnissen gut überein.

Abstract

Some observations on the tillites of Australia (especially in the Proterozoic and younger Paleozoic), made during a trip through Australia and mostly founded on the studies of Australian geologists. Some general remarks about the older climatic history of the earth and about the climatic history of Australia are added.

Short historical remarks on the term “tillite” (A. Penck 1906);

table of some important terms for non-sorted sediments.

Special observations and remarks about tillites in Australia. Proterozoic tillites (in the Sturt Valley and in Central Australia; remarkable thickness of the tillites; glacial genesis is likely)

Permo-Carboniferous glaciations (these indications of glaciations are among the most certain of the pre-Quaternary occurrences of the world; varvites with animal tracks and “annual” varves; glendonites i.e. pseudomorphs after glauberite, are perhaps indicators of relatively cool climate).

Mesozoic (pseudo- “ice rafting” in the Triassic of the Blue Mts. and in the Cretaceous).

Some general remarks on the paleoclimatology of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic of the earth

The Eocambrian Ice age was presumably the most peculiar cold period of the earth history (long duration, large distribution of the tillites) and perhaps even the most peculiar climatic event since at least ca. 600 million years. A relationship to the faunal break at the boundary between Precambrian/Cambrian seems to be possible.

Some arguments against the idea of the physicistPascual Jordan that the climate of the Carboniferous has been extremely uniform. He supposes a thick, closed cloud cover. Paleoclimatologic facts don't fit with this hypothesis. A second unreliable hypothesis concerns the (in fact not verified) equatorial position of the Permo-Carboniferous tillites, P.Jordan thinks that equatorial hailshowers produced the glaciers.

It is not possible to explain the nearly complete absence of Carboniferous tree-rings by the assumption of completely uniform climate for that would presume wholly different météorologic conditions.

D. I.Axelrod thinks that “fossil floras suggest stable, not drifting continents”. However that does not fit with the distribution of the floras of Permo-Carboniferous time which suggest rather drifting, not stable continents at least for this time.

IV. Evaporites in Australia

Very ancient evaporites (Older Paleozoic? Proterozoic?) and also salt-domes are now known from Australia. But, surprisingly, Mesozoic and also older Tertiary evaporites are nearly completely absent. The very conspiceous recent aridity is a very young characteristic of the continent.

Summary of the climatic history of Australia

After glacial conditions in the younger Proterozoic, and mighty coral reefs in Devonian time, the Permo-Carboniferous glacials followed. It was cool-temperate in the Upper Permian and neither especially dry nor especially warm in the Mesozoic. The climate of Tertiary time was partly more humid than to-day (laterites, lignites), partly (also according to O18/O16 temperatures) warmer. It was mostly wetter, but sometimes also more arid during the Quaternary. (Attention is also called to the special Australian lunette-dunes and to the Australian “parna”, i. e., an equivalent of loess.) On the whole, the climatic history from the Permo-Carboniferous to the present corresponds to a slow shifting of the Australian continent from the polar zone through a cool-temperate and then warm-temperate girdle to the subtropical high-pressure zone of the present. The climate of Australia became warmer and warmer through this time, while Europe became colder.

The paleomagnetic dates — at least for the period since the Lower Paleozoic — fit remarkably well with the geologic-paleoclimatic results.

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    Martin Schwarzbach

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Ein Teil der Ausführungen wurde auf der Paläoklima-Tagung der Geologischen Vereinigung (5.–7. 3.1964 in Köln) vorgetragen.

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Schwarzbach, M. Paläoklimatologische eindrücke aus australien nebst einigen allgemeinen Bemerkungen zur älteren Klimageschichte der Erde. Geol Rundsch 54, 128–160 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821174

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